History All About Pakistan!

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Pakistan Profile:


· Official Name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

· Father of the Nation
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
· National Poet
Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)
· Head of the State
General Pervez Musharraf, President
· Head of Government
Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, Prime Minister
· Capital
Islamabad
· Area
Total
796,095 Sq. km.
Punjab
205,344 Sq. km.
Sindh
140,914 Sq. km.
North WestFrontierProvince
74,521 Sq. km.
Balochistan
347,190 Sq. km.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
27,220 Sq. km.
Islamabad (Capital)
906 Sq. km.

· Population
149.03 million
· Administrative Setup
Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Divisions and Districts

Divisions
Districts
NWFP
7
24
Punjab
8
34
Sindh
5
21
Balochistan
6
22
While FATA consist of 13 Areas/Agencies and Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have 7 and 5 Districts respectively.
· Religion
95% Muslims, 5% others.
· Annual Per capita income
Rs. 28,933 (US $ 492 approximately)
· GDP
5.1%
· Currency
Pak. Rupee.
· Imports
Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea.
· Exports
Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit
· Languages
Urdu (National) and English (Official)
· Literacy rate
51.6%
· Government
Parliamentary form
· Parliament
Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House).
The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college.
The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats).
· Pakistan National Flag
Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolises Pakistan's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious miniorities.
· National Anthem
Approved in June, 1954
Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri
Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla
Duration: 80 seconds
· State Emblem
The State Emblem consists of:
1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam
2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops
3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage and
4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Unity Faith, Discipline
· Pakistan's Official Map
Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999)
· National Flower
Jasmine.
· National Tree
Deodar (Cedrus Deodara).
· National Animal
Markhor.
· National Bird
Chakor (Red-legged partridge)
· Flora
Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry
· Fauna
The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls
· Popular games
Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash.
· Tourist's resorts
Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit
· Archaeological sites
Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai.
· Major Cities
Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot
· Major Crops
Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane
· Agricultural Growth Rate
4.15% in 2002-03
· Total cropped area
22.0 million hectares
· Industry
Textiles, Cement, Fertilizer, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding
· Energy
Major sources
Electricity (Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas
Power Generating Capacity
18,062 MW


Pakistan International Airlines
Covers 33 international and 21 domestic stations with a fleet of 44 planes.
Major Airports
8 (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad and Gwadar)

· Seaports
International
2 (Karachi and Bin Qasim.)
Fish Harbours-Cum-Mini Ports
3 (Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar)


· Media
Print Media (In accordance with Central Media List)


News Agencies

Official
APP

Private
PPI, NNI, On Line and Sana.

Electronic Media

TV Centres
Five TV centres at Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi covering 88.58% population and 29 re-broadcasting stations.

Pakistan Television
4 channels (PTV-I, PTV-II (PTV World), PTV-III & PTV-IV)

Registered TV sets
3,604,000


· Banks
Central Bank
State Bank of Pakistan
Other Banks
National Bank of Pakistan
Habib Bank Ltd.
United Bankn Ltd.
Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd.
Allied Bank of Pakistan Ltd.
First Woman Bank
Mehran Bank
The Bank of Punjab
Bank of Khyber
Specialized Banks
Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan
Federal Bank for Co-operatives
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan
The Punjab Provincial Co-operative Bank

· Famous MountainPeaks
K-2 (Mt. Godwin Austin)
28,250 ft./8611 m (2nd in World)
Nanga Parbat
26,660 ft./8126 m (8th in World)
Gasherbrum-I
26,470 ft./8068 m (11th in World)

· Famous Mountain Passes
The Khyber Pass
NWFP
The KurramPass
FATA
The TochiPass
FATA
The GomalPass
NWFP
The Bolan Pass
Balochistan
The LowariPass
Chitral (NWFP)
The KhunjrabPass
Northern Areas

· Rivers
The Indus

2,896 km
Jhelum

825 km
Chenab

1,242 km
Ravi

901 km
Sutlej

1,551 km
Beas (tributary of Sutlej)

398 km

· Famous Glaciers
Siachin
75 km
Batura
55 km
Baltoro
65 km

· Deserts
Thar
Sindh
Cholistan
Punjab
Thal
Punjab

· Lakes
Manchar
Sindh
Keenjar
Sindh
Hanna
Balochistan
Saif-ul-Maluk
NWFP
Satpara
Northern Areas
Kachura
Northern Areas

· Major Dams
Mangla Dam
Punjab
Tarbela Dam
NWFP
Warsak Dam
NWFP
 

Hoorain

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Dec 31, 2009
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Background:

The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions since 2002.

Geography

Location:
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
Geographic coordinates:
30 00 N, 70 00 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 803,940 sq km
land: 778,720 sq km
water: 25,220 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total: 6,774 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
Coastline:
1,046 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Terrain:
flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m
Natural resources:
land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Land use:
arable land: 24.44%
permanent crops: 0.84%
other: 74.72% (2005)
Irrigated land:
182,300 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
Environment - current issues:
water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

People

Population:
165,803,560 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 33,293,428/female 31,434,314)
15-64 years: 56.9% (male 48,214,298/female 46,062,933)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 3,256,065/female 3,542,522) (2006 est.)
Median age:
total: 19.8 years
male: 19.7 years
female: 20 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.09% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:
29.74 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 70.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 70.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 70.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.39 years
male: 62.4 years
female: 64.44 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
74,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,900 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
Nationality:
noun: Pakistani(s)
adjective: Pakistani
Ethnic groups:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants)
Religions:
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3%
Languages:
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 48.7%
male: 61.7%
female: 35.2% (2004 est.)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan
local short form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan
Government type:
federal republic
Capital:
name: Islamabad
geographic coordinates: 33 42 N, 73 10 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh
note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas
Independence:
14 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday:
Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
Constitution:
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003
Legal system:
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Executive branch:
note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was sworn in replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years; on 1 January 2004, MUSHARRAF won a vote of confidence in the Senate, National Assembly, and four provincial assemblies
chief of state: President General Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Shaukat AZIZ (since 28 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the president is elected by an electoral college drawn from the national parliament and provincial assemblies for a five-year term; note - Musharraf was last sworn in as President in November 2002; the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly (next elections to be held in late 2007)
election results: AZIZ elected by the National Assembly on 27 August 2004
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives in the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; half of the Senate's seats turn over every three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 seats filled by popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; members serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held in March 2006 (next to be held in March 2009); National Assembly - last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PML 39, MMA 18, PPPP 9, MQM 6, PML/N 4, PkMAP 3, PPP 3, ANP 2, BNP-Awami 1, BNP/M 1, JWP 1, PML/F 1, independents 12; National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1, MQM-H 1, PAT 1, PkMAP 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, independents 3
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court
Political parties and leaders:
Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National Alliance or NA [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI] (merged with PML); Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
Political pressure groups and leaders:
military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential
International organization participation:
ARF, AsDB, C (reinstated 2004), CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mahmud Ali DURRANI
chancery: 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 243-6500
FAX: [1] (202) 686-1544
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan CROCKER
embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200
telephone: [92] (51) 208-0000
FAX: [92] (51) 2276427
consulate(s) general: Karachi
consulate(s): Lahore, Peshawar
Flag description:
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

_____
 

Hoorain

*In search of Oyster Pearls*
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Dec 31, 2009
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Economy

Economy - overview:
Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies, bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last five years. The government has made substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably privatizing the banking sector. Poverty levels have decreased by 10 percent since 2001, and Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52-percent real increase in the budget allocation for development in fiscal year 2007, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the October 2005 earthquake - appears manageable for now. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before easing to 7.9% in 2006. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy - raising interest rates in 2006 - while trying to preserve growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$427.3 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$124 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
6.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,600 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 22%
industry: 26%
services: 52% (2006 est.)
Labor force:
48.29 million
note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 42%
industry: 20%
services: 38% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:
6.5% plus substantial underemployment (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:
24% (FY05/06 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 27.6% (FY96/97)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41 (FY98/99)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.9% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
15.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $20.55 billion
expenditures: $25.65 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)
Public debt:
55% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs
Industries:
textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp
Industrial production growth rate:
6% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:
80.24 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - consumption:
74.62 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:
63,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:
324,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:
NA bbl/day
Oil - imports:
NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves:
358.9 million bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:
27.4 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
27.4 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
759.7 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:
$-5.486 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:
$19.24 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:
textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs
Exports - partners:
US 24.8%, UAE 7.8%, Afghanistan 6.6%, UK 5.7%, Germany 4.5% (2005)
Imports:
$26.79 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea
Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 11.1%, UAE 10.3%, China 9.2%, Japan 6.4%, US 6%, Kuwait 5%, Germany 4.5% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$13.29 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:
$42.38 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)
Currency (code):
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Exchange rates:
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
5,162,798 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
48,289,136 (2006)
Telephone system:
general assessment: the telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; mobile cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, approaching 50 million in late 2006, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; main line availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting main line service to rural areas.
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks
international: country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2006)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 31, FM 68, shortwave NA (2006)
Television broadcast stations:
20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006)
Internet country code:
.pk
Internet hosts:
72,765 (2006)
Internet users:
10.5 million (2005)

Transportation

Airports:
139 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 91
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
1,524 to 2,437 m: 33
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 8 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 48
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Heliports:
18 (2006)
Pipelines:
gas 10,257 km; oil 2,001 km (2006)
Railways:
total: 8,163 km
broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)
Roadways:
total: 258,340 km
paved: 167,146 km (including 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 91,194 km (2004)
Merchant marine:
total: 16 ships (1000 GRT or over) 397,740 GRT/657,656 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 10, container 1, petroleum tanker 4
registered in other countries: 11 (Comoros 2, North Korea 3, Malta 1, Nigeria 1, Panama 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2006)
Ports and terminals:
Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim

Military

Military branches:
Army (includes National Guard), Navy (includes Marines), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
16 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors (2006)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 39,028,014
females age 16-49: 36,779,584 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 29,428,747
females age 16-49: 28,391,887 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males age 18-49: 1,969,055
females age 16-49: 1,849,254 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.5% (2006 est.)
Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly less than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and stem terrorist or other illegal activities
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 1,084,208 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South Waziristan), 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake, most of those displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006) (2006)
Illicit drugs:
opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 800 hectares in 2005 yielding a potential production of 4 metric tons of pure heroin; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that force eradication - fines and arrests will take place if the ban on poppy cultivation is not observed; key transit point for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Western markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems _____________[DOUBLEPOST=1357787906][/DOUBLEPOST]BALOCHI
Nawai Watan, Quetta
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Islands of Pakistan

ASTOLA (AKA HAFT TALAR)
Astola or Astola Island (also known as Haft Talar or seven hills) is a small, uninhabited island in the Arabian Sea, approximately twenty-five kilometres south of the Balochistan coast of Pakistan. The island lies about forty kilometres east-southeast of the port of Pasni, its altitude is 0-200 feet and the total area is approximately 4 km². The island is about four kilometres in length and one kilometre in width, with an isolated rock to the southeast which has broken away. There are caves on the south face cliffs. Astola is the only significant offshore island along the north coast of the Arabian Sea. The island is owned by the Balochistan Board of Revenue and administratively is part of the Pasni subdivision of the district of Gwadar. Between September and May of each year, Astola becomes a temporary base for mainland fishermen, to catch lobsters and oysters. From June to August, the island remains uninhabited by humans because of the rough sea and high tides. On one of the cliffs of the island, there is a small solar-operated beacon for the safety of passing vessels..

History
Nearchus (360-300 BCE), admiral of Alexander the Great, mentioned Astola island as Carnine Island, inhabited by the Ichthyophagoi (Fish eaters in Greek) where, according to Nearchus, even the mutton had a fishy taste. The Persian phrase Mahi khoran, (Fish eaters) has become the modern name of the coastal region of Makran.

On the island are the remains of an ancient Hindu temple of the goddess, Kali Devi. The island was also known as to Hindus as "Satadip". There is also a prayer yard built for the Muslim Sufi Pir Khawaja Khizr who according to mainland legends is said to rule over the oceans and is believed to visit the area occasionally and offer prayers there. The prayer yard is used by the fishermen during the fishing season.

Wild life
The isolated location of the island has helped maintain endemic life forms. The endangered Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and possibly the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbracata) nest on the beach at the foot of cliffs, and it is a very important area for endemic reptiles such as the viper Echis carinatus astolae. The island is maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the area. The island is reported to support a large number of breeding seabirds including Larus hemprichii and several species of terns. Avifauna includes: Ardeola cinerea, Egretta gularis, Pluvialis squatarola, Numenius arquata, Limosa limosa, Calidris minutus, Larus argentatus, Larus genei, Cursorius coromandelius, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe deserti, and Prinia spp. Feral cats originally introduced by fishermen to control the endemic rodent population pose an increasing threat to birds’ nesting and breeding sites. and as such maintains the genetic and ecological diversity of the area.


BHIT SHAH ISLAND
Baba Bhit Shah Island is the smallest neighborhood of Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It comprises three small fishing islands which in the centre of the harbour of Karachi.

There are several ethnic groups in Kiamari Town including Urdu speakers, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochs, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of Kiamari Town is estimated to be nearly one million.

There is another place named Bhit Shah located in the interior part of province of Sindh, Pakistan. Bhit Shah is the town where the shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689-1752), the patron saint of Sindh.


BUDDO ISLAND
Buddo Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Buddo Island is also known as Dingi by local fishermen. Buddo and Bundal Islands serve as a temporary port for local fishermen. They clean their nets and dry fish on these islands. The Bundal and Buddo Islands comprising 12,000 acres of land, are the assets of the Port Qasim Authority.


BUNDAL ISLAND
Bundal Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Bundal, pronounced Bhandar by local fishermen, is a twin island of Buddo and lies to its West. On Bundal Island the tomb of Muslim sufi Yusuf Shah is located. The annual urs of 'Yusuf Shah' which attracts thousands of coastal people to the island. The island looked like a city during the urs. Churma and Buddo Islands are also located near Bundal Island. There is a dispute between the provincial government of Sindh and Karachi Port Trust on the ownership rights of 12,000 acres of land in these Islands.

Development Project

In September 2006, government of Pakistan gave a Dubai property firm,
Emaar the go-ahead for a $43bn (£22.8bn) project to develop two island resorts in Bundal and Buddo Island. A bridge would be constructed at a cost of $50 million to link Karachi Defence Housing Society Phase-8 with Bundal and Buddo Islands. The islands are situated at a distance of 1.5km from Karachi Defence Phase-8. A major portion of one of the two islands has submerged beneath the sea and the land of Emaar Group would reclaim the land by using technology. According to initial plan, about 15,000 houses would be constructed and would be sold to public. On December 8th contruction of the islands started.

Controversy
Many local NGOs, political parties and even Sindh Government have raised their voice about these development projects.


CHURMA ISLAND (AKA CHURNA ISLAND)
Churma Island or Churna Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Churna is a tiny island with a big reputation embrace crystal clear water, extraordinary vistas, it’s a culmination of your search for the best Sport Fishing action in Pakistan with a plethora of choices excursions to our undersea world, scuba diving, sailing around and snorkeling, The island of Churna is frequently visited by anglers (recreational fishermen) for fishing, this is one of the biggest and most active fishing spot in Pakistan, There is enough sea life which attracts anglers for Big Game Fishing all over Pakistan.


CLIFTON OYSTER ROCKS
Clifton Oyster Rocks is an island located near Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.


KHIPRIANWALA ISLAND
Khiprianwala Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.


MALAN ISLAND
Malan Island is located in Arabian Sea 3 kilometres off the coast of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is an offshore mud volcano and rose out of the water overnight in March 1999.


MANORA (AKA MANORO)
Manora or Manoro is a small island (2.5 km²) located just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The island is connected to the mainland by a 12 kilometre long causeway called the Sandspit. Manora and neighbouring islands form a protective barrier between Karachi harbour to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south. The western bay of the harbour contains endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of Kiamari and Clifton. The island is located at 24°48′00″N, 66°58′00″E (24.800000, 66.970000).

History

According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of
Karachi and the island of Manora at port of Karachi constituted the city of Debal. The island was the site of a small fort constructed in the eighteenth century when the port of Karachi traded with Oman and Bahrain. The fort was stormed by the British in 1839 because of the strategic location of Karachi. Although the fort is now buried beneath the naval base, the lighthouse is a visible reminder of the British presence having been built in 1889 to assist vessels approaching Karachi harbour.
The island of Manora has served for more than 50 years as the main base of the
Pakistan Navy, with berths for naval vessels located along the eastern edge of the island. The island has been governed as a military cantonment despite being located so close to Karachi. The opening of the new Jinnah Naval Base at Ormara, 250 kilometres away, has mean't that approximately half of the naval vessels have moved away from Manora.

Tourism

Manora is also a popular picnic spot because of the long sandy beaches along the southern edge of the island, which merge into the beaches of the Sandspit and then extend several kilometres to the beaches at Hawkesbay. At the southeastern end of Manora island is the tallest
lighthouse (28 m or 91 feet high) in Pakistan. The island lies approximately 15-20 minutes by boat ride from mainland Karachi but there are no good hotels available for an overnight stay. For this and other reasons, the Government of Pakistan has been considering developing the island into a tourist destination. The island has been envisioned as an exotic location with natural landscapes such as the beaches and the mangrove forests, and secluded beauty with an upgrade for the lighthouse to add to the quaint feel of the island.

Development
Pakistan's Ministry for Ports and Shipping has just signed Memorandum of Understanding in 2006 with Dubai World and
Emaar Properties for the redevelopment of Manora Island. As part of the development plans, the KPT and all Military establishments will vacate the island and hand it over to the the companies for development. The development, so to speak, will comprise of establishing high rise hotels and apartment buildings in the areas.
__________________[DOUBLEPOST=1357787994][/DOUBLEPOST]Gurdwaras in Pakistan

Gurdwaras in Pakistan are an essential part of Sikhism and form an important part of the history of Sikhism. The Punjab was only divided in 1947 when the separate nations of India and Pakistan were formed. Before this, the area covered by the two countries was one nation. The following is a list of important places in Sikh history:
  • Nankana Sahib This is the most sacred Sikh place; the location of the birth of the Sikh founder, Guru Nanak.
  • Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib - This site is ‘Janam Asthan’ meaning ‘Place of Birth’ and childhood home.
  • Gurdwara Bal Lilah, Nankana Sahib - This site is connected with adventures of the early childhood of the Guru.
  • Gurdwara Patti Sahib, Nankana Sahib – ‘Patti’ means ‘Alphabet’ and is the site where Guru Nanak learnt the various different languages and particular the alphabet of these languages.
  • Gurdwara Mall Ji Sahib, Nankana Sahib - This site is connected with adventures of the early childhood of the Guru in particular the events link to the Cobra and Mehta Kalu
  • Gurdwara Kiara Sahib, Nankana Sahib - This site is where, as a youngster, Guru Nanak used to graze cattle. It is at a distance of about 1.5 Km from the Janam Asthan.
  • Gurdwara Tambu Sahib, Nankana Sahib
  • Gurdwara Guru Hargobind Sahib, Nankana Sahib
  • Gurdwara Nihang Singhan, Nankana Sahib
  • Gurdwara Sachcha Sauda, Chuharkana
  • Gurdwara Panja Sahib, Hasan Abdal – This is the site where Guru Nanak Dev stopped the rock with his hand and the palm print is impressed on the rock.
  • Gurdwara Pehli Patshahi, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Sri Nank Garh, Lahore
  • Baoli Sahib Sri Guru Amar Das, Lahore (Roofed Well)
  • Parkash Asthan Sri Guru Ram Das, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Diwan Khana, Lahore
  • Dharamshala Sri Guru Ramdas, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Baoli Sahib Guru Arjan Dev, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Bhai Budhu Da Awa, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Lal Khooh, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Dehra Sahib Sri Guru Arjan Dev, Lahore
  • Gurdwara Patshahi Chhevin
  • Gurdwara Patshahi Chhevin Muzang
  • Gurdwara Shikargarh Patshahi Chhevin, Lahore
  • Shahid Ganj Bhai Taru Singh
  • Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Sighnian, Lahore
  • Shahid Ganj Bhai Mani Singh, Lahore
 

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Banks of Pakistan

Central Bank
State Bank of Pakistan
Nationalized Scheduled Banks
First Women Bank Limited
National Bank of Pakistan
Specialized Banks
Industrial Development Bank
Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank
SME Bank
Zarai Taraqiati Bank (Agricultural Development Bank)

Private Scheduled Banks

Allied Bank of Pakistan Limited, Karachi
Arif Habib Rupali Bank Limited, Karachi
Askari Commercial Bank Limited. Rawalpindi
Atlas Bank Limited, Karachi
Bank AL Habib, Karachi
Bank Al-Falah Limited, Karachi
Crescent Commercial Bank Limited, Karachi
Dawood Bank Limited, Karachi
Faysal Bank Limited, Karachi
Habib Bank Limited, Karachi
JS Bank
KASB Bank Limited, Karachi
Meezan Bank Limited, Karachi
Metropolitan Bank Limited, Karachi
Muslim Commercial Bank Limited (MCB), Islamabad
Mybank Limited, Karachi
NIB Bank Limited, Karachi
PICIC Commercial Bank Limited, Karachi
Prime Commercial Bank Limited, Lahore
Saudi-Pak Commercial Bank Limited, Karachi
SME Banks, Islamabad
Soneri Bank Limited, Karachi
Union Bank, Karachi
United Bank Limited, Karachi
Foreign Banks
Abn Amro Bank NV, Karachi.
Albaraka Islamic Bank BSC(EC) Lahore
American Express Bank Limited, Karachi
Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi Limited, Karachi
Citibank NA, Karachi
Deutsche Bank AG, Karachi
Habib Bank AG Zurich, Karachi
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Karachi
Oman International Bank SOAG Karachi
Rupali Bank Limited, Karachi
Standard Chartered Bank Limited, Karachi
Development Financial Institutions
Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corp Limited, Karachi
Pak Kuwait Investment Company Limited, Karachi
Pak Libya Holding Company Limited, Karachi
Pak-Oman Investment Company Limited, Karachi
Saudi Pak Industrial And Agricultural Investment Company (Pvt) Limited Islamabad
House Building Finance Corporation, Karachi
Investment Corporation Of Pakistan, Karachi
National Development Finance Corporation, Karachi
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan, Karachi
Dubai Islamic Bank, Karachi
Investment Banks
Al-Towfeek Investment Bank Limited
Asset Investment Bank Limited
Atlas Investment Bank Limited
Crescent Investment Bank Limited
Escorts Investment Bank Limited
First International Investment Bank Limited
Fidelity Investment Bank Limited
Franklin Investment Bank Limited
Islamic Investment Bank Limited
Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank Limited
Orix Investment Bank (Pakistan) Limited
Prudential Investment Bank Limited
Trust Investment Bank Limited
Discount & Guarantee Houses
First Credit & Discount Corp Limited
Prudential Discount & Guarantee House Limited
National Discounting Services Limited
Speedway Fordmetall (Pakistan) Limited
Housing Finance Companies
Asian Housing Finance Limited
Citibank Housing Finance Company Limited
House Building Finance Corporation
International Housing Finance Limited
Venture Capital Companies
Pakistan Venture Capital Limited
Pakistan Emerging Ventures Limited
Micro Finance Banks
The First Micro Finance Bank Limited
Khushali Bank
Network Micro Finance Bank
Pak Oman Micro Finance Bank
Rozgar Micro Finance Bank, Karachi
Tameer Microfinance Bank Limited
Islamic Banks
First Dawood Islamic Bank
Dubai Islamic Bank
Meezan Bank
Bank Alfalah
UBL Ameen Islamic Banking
AlBaraka Islamic Bank
Qaiser Islamic Bank
 

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Glaciers of Pakistan


Abruzzi Glacier
Abruzzi Glacier is a glacier in the north of the Baltoro Kangri peak in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The glacier joins the huge Baltoro Glacier (one of the largest glaciers outside polar region) that flows northwest in the beginning and then turns westward.


Baltoro Glacier
The Baltoro Glacier, at 57 kilometers long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the polar regions. It is located in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. The Baltoro Muztagh lies to the north and east of the glacier, while the Masherbrum Mountains lie to the south. At 8,611 m (28,251 ft), K2 is the highest mountain in the region, and three others within 20 km top 8,000 m.
The glacier gives rise to the Shigar River, which is a tributary of the Indus River. Several large tributary glaciers feed the main Baltoro glacier, including the Godwin Austen Glacier, flowing south from K2; the Abruzzi and the various Gasherbrum Glaciers, flowing from the Gasherbrum group of peaks; the Vigne Glacier, flowing from Chogolisa, and the Yermandendu Glacier, flowing from Masherbrum. The confluence of the main Baltoro Glacier with the Godwin Austen Glacier is known as Concordia; this location and K2 base camp are popular trekking destinations.
The trough of this glacier is very wide and its central part is a vast snowfield. Small valley glaciers form icefalls where they meet the trunk glacier. The sidewalls vary from very steep to precipitous. The glacier has carved striations on the surrounding country rocks. Moving ice has formed depressions, which serve as basins for numerous glacial lakes. The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu.


Batura Glacier
Batura Glacier (57km long) is one of the largest and longest glaciers outside the polar regions. It lies in the Gojal region of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, just north of Batura (7,795 m) and Passu (7,500 m) massifs. It flows west to east. The lower portions can be described as a grey sea of rocks and gravelly moraine, bordered by a few summer villages and pastures with herds of sheep, goats, cows and yaks and where roses and juniper trees are common.


Biafo Glacier
The Biafo Glacier is a 63 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the Northern Areas, Pakistan which meets the 49 km long Hispar Glacier at an altitude of 5,128m (16,824 feet)at Hispar La(Pass) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The traverse uses 51 of the Biafo Glacier's 63 km and all of the Hispar Glacier to form a 100 km glacial route.
The Biafo Glacier presents a trekker with several days of very strenuous, often hectic boulder hopping, with spectacular views throughout and Snow Lake near the high point. Snow Lake, consisting of parts of the upper Biafo Glacier and its tributary glacier Sim Gang, is one of the world's largest basins of snow or ice in the world outside of the polar regions, up to one mile in depth.
The Biafo Glacier is the world's third longest glacier outside of the polar regions, second only to the 70 km Siachen Glacier disputed between Pakistan and India and Tajikistan's 77 km long Fedchenko Glacier.
Campsites along the Biafo are located off of the glacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steep mountainsides. The first three (heading up from the last village before the glacier, the thousand-year-old Askole village) are beautiful sites with flowing water nearby. Mango and Namla, the first two campsites, are often covered in flowers and Namla has an amazing waterfall very near the camping area. Biantha, the third camp site, is often used as a rest day. A large green meadow, it has a few running streams near the camp and many places to spend the day rock climbing or rappelling. Evidence of wildlife can be seen through out the trek. The Ibex and the Markhor Mountain Goat can be found and the area is famous for brown bears and snow leopards, although sightings are rare.

Biarchedi Glacier
The Biarchedi Glacier is located on the northeast of Biarchedi Peak in Pakistan. It flows north into the Baltoro Glacier.


Godwin-Austen Glacier
The Godwin-Austen Glacier is located near K2 in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Its confluence with the Baltoro Glacier is called Concordia and is one of the most favorite spots for trekking in Pakistan since it provides excellent views of four of the five eight-thousanders in Pakistan.
The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu.


Gondogoro Glacier
Gondogoro Glacier or Gondoghoro Glacier is glacier near Concordia in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It serves as an alternative means to reach Concordia; the confluence of Baltoro Glacier and Godwin-Austen Glacier.


Hainablak Glacier
Hainablak Glacier is a glacier near Trango Tower mountain in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan.


Hispar Glacier
Hispar Glacier is a 49 km. long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the (Northern Areas, Pakistan) which meets the 63 km. long Biafo Glacier at the Hispar La (Pass) at an altitude of 5,128m (16,824 feet) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This 100 km. highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The extreme steepness of the hillsides and strenuous nature of the boulder hopping on the lateral moraines and hillsides make this route's upper half the most difficult part of the Biafo - Hispar traverse. Only the Hispar La day includes walking on the Hispar Glacier. The crossing of four major tributary glaciers from the north is most taxing, and potentially high nullah crossings can be dangerous. The views of 7800 meter (25,600 foot) peaks and of the snow covered cliffs and mountains on the south side of the glacier are particularly impressive.

Lonak Glacier
Lonak Glacier is one of the three major glaciers of Sikhim, in the Himalaya range in Northern Areas of Pakistan.


Miar Glacier
Miar Glacier is a glacier that forms in the north of Miar Peak (6,824 m).


Panmah Glacier
Panmah Glacier is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is included in the Central Karakoram National Park.


Passu Glacier
Passu Glacier forms in the east of the Passu Sar (Passu Peak).


Rupal Glacier
Rupal Glacier or Tashain Glacier is a glacier in the Great Himalaya subrange of Himalayas. It starts in the north of an unnamed 6,326 m high peak (35° 8'35.93"N 74°24'52.46"E) and flows northeast in the north of Laila Peak (Rupal Valley) and in the south of Nanga Parbat's many peaks. The melt water from the glacier forms Rupal River.


Sarpo Laggo Glacier
The Sarpo Laggo Glacier (Sarpo Laggo: young husband) is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, in the Karakoram mountain range of the Himalayas.


Shani Glacier
Shani Glacier is a glacier in the north of Shani Peak (5,887 m) in Naltar Valley, Pakistan.


Siachen Glacier
The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains, at approximately 35.5° N 77.0° E. It is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world's non-polar areas. It ranges from an altitude of 5753 m (18,875 ft.) above sea level at its source at Indira Col (pass) on the China border to its snout at 3620 m (11,875 ft.)
The Siachen Glacier lies south of the great watershed that separates Central Asia from the Indian subcontinent. The 70 km (43.5 mile) long Siachen glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge line immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro Ridge originates in the north from the Sia Kangri peak on the China border in the Karakoram range. The crest of the Saltoro Ridge's altitudes range from 5450 to 7720 m (17,880 to 25,330 feet). The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5589 m (18,336 ft), Bilafond La at 5450 m (17,880 ft), and Gyong La at 5689 m (18,665 ft.) Conflict ZoneThe glacier is located in the disputed region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. The average winter snowfall is 10.5 m (35 ft.) and temperatures can dip to minus 50 degrees celsius (minus 58 degrees fahrenheit. In spite of the severe climate, the word 'Siachen' ironically means 'the place of wild roses, a reference some people attribute to the abundance of Himalayan wildflowers found in the valleys below the glacier, but specifically refers to the thorny wild plants which grow on the rocky outcrops. The glacier is also the highest battleground on earth, where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 13, 1984. Both countries maintain permanent military personnel in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres. The site is a prime example of mountain warfare. The glacier's melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River, which drains into the Shyok River. The Shyok in turn joins the Indus River. The glacier's melting waters are a major source of the river Indus, a vital water source. Global warming has had one of its worst impacts here in the Himalayas with the glaciers melting at an unprecedented rate. The volume of the glacier has been reduced by 35 percent over the last twenty years. One report blames military activity as much as global warming.
The conflict in Siachen stems from the confusion in the improperly demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as NJ9842. The 1949 Karachi Agreement and the 1972 Simla Agreement did not clearly mention who controlled the glacier, merely stating that from the NJ9842 location the boundary would proceed "thence north to the glaciers." In the 1960's and 1970's, however, the United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) began, with no legal justification or any boundary documentation, showing an international boundary on their maps available to the public and pilots as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the Karakoram Pass at 5534 m (18,136 ft.) on the China border. Numerous governmental and private cartographers and atlas producers followed suit. This resulted in cartographically "awarding" the entire 2700 square kilometers (1040 square miles) Siachen area to Pakistan. Indian government and military took note. Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area.
Fighting
In the 1970s and early 1980s several mountaineering expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area, and Pakistan granted them. This reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the Government of Pakistan. Once having become aware of this in about 1978, Colonel N. Kumar of the Indian Army mounted an Army expedition to Teram Kangri peaks (in the Siachen area on the China border and just east of a line drawn due north from NJ9842) as a counter-exercise. The first public mention of a possible conflict situation was an article by Joydeep Sircar in The Telegraph newspaper of Calcutta in 1982, reprinted as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, London, in 1984. India launched Operation Meghdoot (named after the divine cloud messenger in a Sanskrit play) on 13 April 1984 when the Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force went into the glacier region. Pakistan quickly responded with troop deployments and what followed was literally a race to the top. Within a few days, the Indians were in control over most of the area, as Pakistan was beaten to most of the Saltoro Ridge high ground by about a week. The two northern passes - Sia La and Bilfond La - were quickly secured by India. In his memoirs, current Pakistani president, General Pervez Musharraf states that Pakistan lost almost 2,331 Km2 (900 Mi2) of territory. TIME states that the Indian advance captured nearly 1,000 sq. mi. of territory claimed by Pakistan. Since then Pakistan has launched several attempts to displace the Indian forces, but with little success. The most well known was in 1987, when an attempt was made by Pakistan to dislodge India from the area. The attack was led by Pervez Musharraf (later President of Pakistan) heading a newly formed elite SSG commando unit in the area. A special garrison with eight thousand troops was built at Khapalu. The immediate aim was to capture Bilafond La but after bitter fighting that included hand to hand combat, the Pakistanis were thrown back and the positions remained the same. The only Param Vir Chakra - India's highest gallantry award - to be awarded for combat in the Siachen area went to Naib Subedar Bana Singh (retired as Subedar Major/Honorary Captain), who assaulted and captured a Pakistani post in a daring daylight raid atop a 22,000 foot (6 700 m) peak, now named Bana Post. Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the Lahore Summit. The 1995 attack by Pakistan SSG was significant as it resulted in 40 casualties for Pakistan troops without any changes in the positions.
Current situation
The Indian Army controls all of the Siachen Glacier and the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier, Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La, thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground. Gyong La (Pass) itself is at 35-10-29N, 77-04-15 E; that high point is controlled by India. The Pakistanis control the glacial valley just five kilometers southwest of Gyong La. The line where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding on to their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL).
The Pakistanis have been unable get up to the crest of the Saltoro Ridge, while the Indians cannot come down and abandon their strategic high posts. A ceasefire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, every year more soldiers were killed because of severe weather than enemy firing. The two sides have lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to frostbite, avalanches and other complications. Both nations have 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India has built the world's highest helipad on this glacier at a place called Sonam, which is at 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to serve the area. India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier. Both sides have been wishing to disengage from the costly military outposts but after the Kargil War in 1999 where Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the Line of Control, India has backed off from withdrawing in Siachen. India feels that Pakistan would resort to the same thing if Siachen Glacier is vacated without any official confirmation of its positions in the glacier. During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Ms Benazir Bhutto, visited the area west of Gyong La, making her the first premier from either side to get to the Siachen region. On June 12, 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In the previous year, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. India based Jet Airways plans to open a chartered service to the glacier's nearest airlink, the Thoise airbase, mainly for military purposes. Pakistan's PIA flies tourists and trekkers daily to Skardu, which is the jumping off point for K2, the world's second highest point just 33 kilometers (20.5 miles) northwest of the Siachen area, although bad weather frequently grounds these scheduled flights.


Trango Glacier
Trango Glacier is a glacier near Trango Tower mountain in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan.


Vigne Glacier
Vigne Glacier is a glacier in the Northern Areas, Pakistan near Gondogoro Glacier and Baltoro Glacier.
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Rivers of Pakistan

Chenab River
The Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas, in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu, and then by the Ravi River. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad ('Five Rivers'), which joins the Indus at Mithankot. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometres. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.
The river was known to Indians in Vedic period as Ashkini or Iskmati and as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks. In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River). The Chenab has the same place in the consciousness of the people of the Punjab, as, say the Rhine holds for the Germans, or the Danube for the Austrians and the Hungarians. It is the iconic river around which Punjabi consciousness revolves, and plays a prominent part in the tale of Heer Ranjha, the Punjabi national epic.


Dasht River
Dasht River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam is being built on Dasht river to provide drinking water to Gwadar city.


Dashtiari River
Dashtiari River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan.


Gambila River
Gambila River river, also called the Tochi River, is located in Bannu District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
It's source are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh, the source of the Kurram River, which it runs parallel too and finally joins.
The Gambila is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irragate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, and Miri and Barakzai Bannuchis.

Ghaggar-Hakra River
The Ghaggar-Hakra River is the (rainy) seasonal river in India and the Hakra River riverbed in Pakistan. It is often identified with the Vedic Sarasvati River, but it is disputed if at all Rigvedic references to the Sarasvati River refer to this river. It is a dried out river which flow during rainy season only and used to flush out flood waters of Punjab.
Estimated period at which the river dried up range, very roughly, from 2500 to 2000 BC, with a further margin of error at either end of the date-range. This may be precise in geological terms, but for the Indus Valley Civilization (2800 to 1800 BC) it makes all the difference whether the river dried up in 2500 (its early phase) or 2000 (its late phase). Similarly, for the Gandhara grave culture, often identified with the early influx of Indo-Aryans from ca. 1600 BC, it makes a great difference whether the river dried up a millennium earlier, or only a few generations ago, so that by contact with remnants of the IVC like the Cemetery H culture, legendary knowledge of the event may have been acquired.
The identification with the Sarasvati River is based the descriptions in Vedic texts (e.g. in the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda 10.75.05, the order is Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Sutlej), and other geological and paleobotanical findings. This however, is disputed. The Victorian era scholar C.F. Oldham was the first to suggest that geological events had redirected the river, and to connect it to the lost Saraswati: "[it] was formerly the Sarasvati; that name is still known amongst the people, and the famous fortress of Sarsuti or Sarasvati was built upon its banks, nearly 100 miles below the present junction with the Ghaggar." (Oldham 1893: 51-52)


Ghaggar River
The Ghaggar is a seasonal river in India, flowing when water is available from monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa in Haryana and by the side of Tibi in Rajasthan, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.
The present-day Sarasvati River originates in a submontane region (Ambala district) and joins the Ghaggar near Shatrana in PEPSU. Near Sadulgarh (Hanumangarh) the Naiwala channel, a dried out channel of the Sutlej, joins the Ghaggar. Near Suratgarh the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up Drishadvati river.
The wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed full of water, and that it formerly continued through the entire region, in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River, possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch. It supposedly dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the Indus and Yamuna rivers, and the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing. This is supposed to have happened at the latest in 1900 BCE, but perhaps much earlier.
Puri and Verma (1998) have argued that the present-day Tons River was the ancient upper-part of the Sarasvati River, which would then had been fed with Himalayan glaciers. The terrain of this river contains pebbles of quartzite and metamorphic rocks, while the lower terraces in these valleys do not contain such rocks.
In India there are also various small or middle-sized rivers called Sarasvati or Saraswati. One of them flows from the west end of the Aravalli Range into the east end of the Rann of Kutch.

Hakra River
The Hakra is the dried-out channel of a river in Pakistan that until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC was the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India.
Many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilisation have been found along the Ghaggar and Hakra rivers.
Indus Valley CivilizationThe river was also of great importance to the Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeologists have suggested that the drying up of this river may have been one of the causes for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Along the course of the Ghaggar-Hakra river are many archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization; but not further south than the middle of Bahawalpur district. It could be that the permanent Sarasvati ended there, and its water only reached the sea in very wet rainy seasons. It may also have been affected by much of its water being taken for irrigation.
Over 600 sites of the Indus civilization have been discovered on the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries. In contrast to this, only 90 to 96 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries (about 36 sites on the Indus river itself.) V.N. Misra states that over 530 Harappan sites (of the more than 800 known sites, not including Degenerate Harappan or OCP) are located on the Hakra-Ghaggar. The other sites are mainly in Kutch-Saurashtra (nearly 200 sites), Yamuna Valley (nearly 70 Late Harappan sites) and in the Indus Valley/ Baluchistan (less than 100 sites).
Early Harappan sites are mostly situated on the middle Ghaggar-Hakra river bed, and some in the Indus Valley. Most of the Mature Harappan sites are located in the middle Ghaggar-Hakra river valley, and some on the Indus and in the Kutch-Saurashtra. However in the late Harappan period the number of late Harappan sites in the middle Hakra channel and in the Indus valley diminishes, while it expands in the upper Ghaggar-Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra. The abandonement of many sites on the Hakra-Ghaggar between the Harappan and the Late Harappan phase was probably due to the drying up of the Hakra-Ghaggar river.
Because most of the Indus Valley sites are actually located on the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some archaeologists have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture.
In a survey conducted by M.R. Mughal between 1974 and 1977, over 400 sites were mapped along 300 miles of the Hakra river. The majority of these sites were dated to the fourth or third millennium BCE.
Painted Grey Ware sites (ca. 1000 BCE) have been found on the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river.
The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributariesSatellite photography has shown that the Ghaggar-Hakra was indeed a large river that dried up probably between ca. 2500 to 2000 B.C. The dried out Hakra river bed is between three and ten kilometers wide. Recent research indicates that the Sutlej and possibly also the Yamuna once flowed into the Saraswati river bed. The Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers have changed their courses over the time.
Paleobotanical information also documents the aridity that developed after the drying up of the river. (Gadgil and Thapar 1990 and references therein). The disappearance of the river may have been caused by earthquakes which may have led to the redirection of its tributaries. It has also been suggested that the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing in what is now Pakistan may have also contributed to the drying up of the river.
The Ghaggar-Hakra and the SutlejThere are no Harappan sites on the Sutlej in its present lower course, only in its upper course near the Siwaliks, and along the dried up channel of the ancient Sutlej, which indicates the Sutlej did flow into the Sarasvati at that period of time.
It has been shown by satellite imagery that at Ropar the Sutlej river suddenly flows away from the Ghaggar in a sharp turn. The beforehand narrow Ghaggar river bed itself is becoming suddenly wider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should have met the Ghaggar river. And there is a major paleochannel between the point where the Sutlej takes a sharp turn and where the Ghaggar river bed widens.
In later texts like the Mahabharata, the Rigvedic Sutudri ("swiftly flowing") is called Shatudri (Shatadru/Shatadhara), which means a river with 100 flows. The Sutlej (and the Beas and Ravi) have frequently changed their courses. The Sutlej has also probably sometimes flown into the Beas, and the combined stream sometimes in the Ghaggar River. The confluence of the Ghaggar and the Sutlej was downstream from the Kurukshetra region, where most Harappan sites are located.
The Ghaggar-Hakra and the YamunaThere are also no Harappan sites on the present Yamuna river. There are however Painted Gray Ware (1000 - 600 BC) sites on the Yamuna channel, showing that the river must have flown in the present channel during this period. The distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river was already partly dried up.
Scholars like Raikes (1968) and Suraj Bhan (1972, 1973, 1975, 1977) have shown that based on archaeological, geomorphic and sedimentological research the Yamuna may have flown into the Saraswati during Harappan times. There are several often dried out river beds (paleochannels) between the Sutlej and the Yamuna, some of them two to ten kilometres wide. They are not always visible on the ground because of excessive silting and encroachment by sand of the dried out river channels. The Yamuna may have flown into the Sarasvati river through the Chautang or the Drishadvati channel, since many Harappan sites have been discovered on these dried out river beds.


Gilgit River
Gilgit River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit. It is located in the Northern Areas of Kashmir, Pakistan.


Gomal River
Gomal River is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its headwaters in the south-east of Ghazni.
The headwater springs of the Gomal's main leg come together close to the fort of Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district inhabited primarily by Kharoti and Suleiman Khel Pashtuns.
The Gomal's chief tributary is the Zhob River. Within Pakistan, Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan. The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil and then finally falls in river Indus.


Hub River
Hub River is located in Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan. It forms the provincial boundary between Sindh and Balochistan, west of Karachi. Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The Mahseer (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and provides for excellent angling.It is in pakistan.
 

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Hungol River
Hungol River or Hingol River is located in Makran, Balochistan, Pakistan.
The Hungol valley has fantastic scenery of towering cliffs, pinnacles and buttresses, the river winding between. Some 350 miles in length, the Hungol is Balochistan's longest river. Unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains, the Hungol always has flowing water in it. The water is crystal–clear, reflecting the incredible blue of the sky. It makes for picture–postcard scenery. Hungol river and valley are located in Hungol National Park.


Hunza River
Hunza River is the principal river of Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Kilik and Khunjerab nalas (gorges) which are fed by glaciers. It is joined by the Gilgit River and the Naltar River before it flows into the Indus River.
The river cuts through the Karakoram range, flowing from north to south. The Karakoram Highway crosses the Hunza River near Hunza and Nagar valleys.


Indus River
Indus is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through in Jammu and Kashmir and Northern Areas, flowing through the North in a southernly direction along the entire length of country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan's port city Karachi. The total length of the river is 3200 km (1988 miles). The river has a total drainage area exceeding 450,000 square miles. The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometres. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and the extinct Sarasvati River, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu ("Seven Rivers") delta in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has 20 major tributaries.
The Indus provides the key water resources for the economy of Pakistan - especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. It also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.
The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh-Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacieral waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges (15,000-17,000 feet) near the Nanga Parbat massif It swiftly flows across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the Punjab and Sind, and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named as Satnad River (sat = seven, nadi = river) as the river was now carrying the waters of Kabul River, Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta.
The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Himalayan ranges of Tibet, Kashmir and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch. It is the Official and National River of Pakistan in Urdu as Qaumi Daryaa and Sindhi it is called Daryaa Badshah ,The King River.
HistoryPaleolithic sites have been discovered in Pothohar, with the stone tools of the Soan Culture. In ancient Gandhara, evidence of cave dwellers dated 15,000 years ago has been discovered at Mardan.
The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), such as Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The IVC was extended from Balochistan to Gujarat, with an upward reach to the darcon from east of River Jhelum to Rupar on the upper Sutlej. The coast settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at Iranian border to Lothal in Gujarat. There is an Indus site on the Oxus river at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan (Kenoyer 1998:96), and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon river is located only 28 km from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90 to 96 of the over 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus.
Some scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 to 600 BCE, when Mohenjo Daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. However many modern researchers believe that the IVC was indeed an Aryan civilization. Researchers such as professor Egbert Richter Ushanas concerning the IVC seals has said, "All the seals are based on Vedas -- Rig Veda and Atharva Veda." The name Indus is a Latinization of Hindu, in turn the Iranian variant of Sindhu, the name of the Indus in the Rigveda. Sanskrit sindhu generically means "river, stream", probably from a root sidh "to go, move"; sindhu is attested 176 times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. Already in the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the Nadistuti sukta. This resulted in the anomaly of a river with masculine gender: all other Rigvedic rivers are female, not just grammatically, being imagined as goddesses and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter.
The Indus has formed a natural boundary between the Indian hinterland and its frontier with Afghanistan and Iran. It has been crossed by the armies of Alexander the Great - Greek forces retreated along the southern course of the river at the end of the Indian campaign. The Indus plains have also been under the domination of the Persian empire and the Kushan empire. The Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni and Babur also crossed the river to strike into the inner regions of Gujarat, Punjab and Rajputana.
The word "India" is a reference to the Indus River.
 

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GeologyThe Indus River feeds the Indus submarine fan located in the Arabian Sea, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth at around 5 million cubic kilometers of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan are the single most important source of material, with the Himalaya provide the next largest contibution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (i.e., the Ravi, Jhellum, Chenab and the Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea by marine geologists Peter Clift and Jerzy Blusztajn has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab Rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganges and were captured after that time. Earlier work, also by Peter Clift, showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time. The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border. Most recently the Indus was paralleled by the ancient Saraswati River, which the Rigveda suggests flowed from the Himalaya between the Sutlej and the Yamuna Rivers, close to modern day Chandigarh. The Saraswati river was totally dried by 1900 BC as confirmed by archeological hydrological radio carbon datings.
ClimateThe Indus delta is one of the driest in the Indian subcontinent, lying just to the west of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan - and rainfall is extraordinarily erratic owing to the passage of cyclones from the Arabian Sea. The Punjab plains, however, receive considerable rainfall from the summer monsoon: at Abbottabad the average annual rainfall is around 1,200mm (47 inches) and at Murree around 1,700mm (67 inches) with as much as 730mm (28 inches) in July and August alone. The upper basin of the Indus receives 4-8 inches of rainfall (higher in the west) in the winter months owing to northwestern winds. Higher elevations in Kashmir and the Northern Areas receives a large amount of precipitation in the form of snow, but the lower valleys are extremely dry and quite warm in the summer. Annual temperatures fall below freezing in the northern mountainous regions in the winter, while exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the plains of Punjab and Sindh in the summer. Jacobabad, which is one of the hottest spots in the world, lies to the west of the river in Sindh.

Wildlife
Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babar writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the BaberNameh). Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works.
The Blind Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. Palla fish (Hilsa ilisha) of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fishes in the river is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of Karachi, the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river distributes into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret and prawns.
EconomyThe Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains - it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical as rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the peoples of the Indus valley civilization, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 - the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is 4,450 feet long - irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over five million acres (20,000 km²).
After partition, the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal - linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers - extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan also constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi - standing 9,000 feet long and 470 feet high, with a 50 mile-long reservoir. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 3,000 feet long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. The Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar, the Northwest Frontier Province. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres.
PeopleThe inhabitants of the regions through whom the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in Kashmir live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, with Kashmiris who practise both Islam and Hinduism. As it descends into Northern Areas of Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures - upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun, Balochi, and of other Afghan stock, with close cultural, economic and ethnic ties to Iran and Afghanistan. The eastern banks are largely populated with peoples of Punjabi stock, with smaller populations of Sindhis and people from regions in modern India. In northern Punjab and the NWFP, Pathan peoples and ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Punjabi peoples. In the southern portion of the Punjab province, the Serakai peoples speak a distinctive tongue and practise distinctive traditions. In the province of Sindh, peoples of Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Urdu-speaking Mohajir backgrounds form the local populations. Upon the western banks of the river live the Balochi and Pashtun peoples of Balochistan.
Modern issuesA flooded Indus river inundates the Srinagar-Kargil-Leh highway.
Due to its location and vast water resources, Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society.
Indus Waters treatyAfter the partition of India in 1947, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split - with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India - disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India the control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, Sutlej, Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non irrigation projects. (See discussion regarding a recent dispute about a hydroelectric project on the Chenab (not Indus) known as the Baghlighar project).

Pilgrimage
Hindu pilgrimage to holy sites alongside the river has been a source of conflict between the nations. Pakistan does generally allow Indian citizens to visit the country for religious purposes, However, owing to the volatile nature of bilateral relations, most pilgrimage and religious ceremonies are performed by Hindus in Kashmir.
ConservationThere are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards - although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, Water-clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation.
 

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Jhelum River
Jehlum River or Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Indus River.
HistoryA photograph from 1900 shows a passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle.
The river Jhelum was called Vitasta by the ancient Indians in the Vedic period and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitastā is mentioned as one of the major river by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans—the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitasta must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives the a Kashmiri name for this river as Vyath.
The river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks, as were most mountains and streams; the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca (section 26, line 350) makes the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra. He was the brother of Iris the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river.
Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in 326 BC at the Battle of the Hydaspes where he defeated the Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bukephalis which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. According to a historian of Gujrat district,Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephala was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Bucephala, Alexander`s dead horse. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.

Course
The river Jhelum rises from north-eastern Jammu and Kashmir and is fed by glaciers, and then passes through the Srinagar district. At the city of Srinagar, the serpentine Jhelum, along with the lake Dal which lies in its course, presents a very picturesque site. The Kishenganga(Neelum)River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley.It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-held Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the district of Mirpur. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
Dams and Barrages
  • Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earthfill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5.9 million acre-feet (7.3 km³)
  • Rasul Barrage, constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
  • Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
Canals
  • The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla to the Chenab.
  • The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal runs from the Rasul barrage to the Chenab.
  • The Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage.
Kabul River
Kabul River or Kabal River is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range of Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near Attock . It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh, Jalalabad, and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the Khyber Pass) Nowshera. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar and Alingar rivers.
The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows. Its largest tributary is the Kunar, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.
This river is attested in the Rig Veda, the earliest scripture of Hinduism, under the name Kubhā (many of the rivers of Afghanistan are mantioned in the Rig Veda). The Sanskrit word later changed to Kābul.


Swaan River
The Swaan River is the most important stream of the Pothohar region of Pakistan. It drains much of the water of Pothohar. It starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. It provides water to Simlbee Dam, which is reservoir of water for Islamabad. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature. The place is called Swan Cut. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain. Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala.
Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it. Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus river. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. For grinding wheat, you can find ancient types of flour mills near Chakian.Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession. Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream.


Kundar River
Kundar River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into Gomal River.
The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob district are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.

Kunhar River
Kunhar River is located in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48km from Naran Valley. Glaciers of Malka Parbat and Makra Peak and the waters of Saiful Muluk lake feed the river. The Kunhar flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot, and joins the Jhelum River.
The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the sub-continent

Kurram River
The Kurrum River flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crosses from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at 33°49N 69°58E, about 150 km west-to-south-west of the Khyber Pass.
The Kurram Agency is part of the Peshāwar Division of the Northwest Frontier Province. The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh (Range), and enters the plains a north of Bannu, and joins the Indus River at 32°35′N 71°27′E near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq miles); pop. approx. 300,000. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Turis, a tribe of Turki and Parthian origin who are supposed to have subjugated the Bangash Pathans about six hundred years ago.
It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.
The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad and in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez. The route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year.
Formerly the Kurram Valley was under the government of Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being Shiah Muslims, never liked the Afghan rule.
During the second Afghan War, when Sir Frederick Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in 1880.
The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally undertaken by the British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890. Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area.
Two expeditions in the Kurram Valley also require mention:
(1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier-General Sir Neville Chamberlain. The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the Kohat district. Accordingly, in 1856 a British force of 4,896 troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct.
(2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 5,897 under Colonel W. Hill. During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the Orakzais, were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In Lord Curzon's reorganization of the frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe.
In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a very strategic position and has been an area of intense military activity between the Taliban and American and allied forces.

 

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Lyari River
Lyari River is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lyari River passes through the city of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea. Lyari river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other is Malir River.


Malir River
Malir River is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Malir River passes through the city of Karachi from northeast to the centre and drains into the Arabian Sea. Malir river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other is Lyari River.it has two other little river help one is Thadho and other is Sukhan.In a rainy season this river flow with lot of water and millions of gallons of water waste in Arabian Sea. If the goverment becomes searious to this matter and construct a dam on this river, it will benefit the whole of Karachi a great deal.


Panjkora
The Panjkora River rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').


Panjnad River
Panjnad River (panj = five, nadi = river) is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A dam on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.
Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab.


Ravi River
The Ravi River is a river in India and Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name. The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks. It originates in the Himalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab river. The total length of the river is about 720 km. The waters of the Ravi river are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank. On its western bank is located the famous tomb of Jahangir.

Rig Veda
Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on the Parushani river, which according to Yaska (nirukta 9.26) refers to the Iravati river (Ravi River) in the Punjab. Macdonell and Keith write that "the name [Parusni] is certainly that of the river later called Ravi (Iravati)"


Shigar River
Shigar River is located in Baltistan, Northern Areas, Pakistan. The Shigar River is formed from the melt water of the Baltoro Glacier and Biafo Glacier. The river is tributary to Indus River and meets the Indus in Skardu valley.


Sutlej River
Sutlej River (also known as Satluj), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through Indian Punjab in northern India. Its source is in Tibet near Mount Kailash and its terminus in Pakistani Punjab. It is the easternmost afluent of the Punjab, and it receives the Beas River in the state of Punjab, India and continues into Pakistan to join the Chenab River to form the Panjnad River, which further down its course joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
The Sutlej was known as Shatadru or Suudri to Indians in Vedic period and Zaradros or Hesidros to the Greeks, and Sydrus to the Romans. The waters of the river are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. At present, most of its water is diverted to irrigation canals and used up in India. The Bhakra-Nangal Dam is a huge multipurpose dam on the river.
There is substantial evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 B.C. the Sutlej was once an important tributary of the Sarasvati River, instead of the Indus River. It is believed that tectonic activity created elevation changes that redirected the Sutlej from southeast to southwest. Once flowing in its new westward direction, the river eventually joined the Beas river. As a result, the mighty Sarasvati River began to dry up, causing the desertification of Cholistan and Sindh, as well as the abandonment of numerous ancient human settlements along its banks.
A canal is being built between the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers, known as the SLY.

Swat River
Swat River flows from Hindukush Mountains through Kalam valley and merges into Kabul River in peshawer valley Sarhad, Pakistan.
Swat River irrigates vast area of Swat District and contributes to fishing industry of the region. Saidu Group's of teaching hospitals also located at the banks of Swat River. Malamjaba ski resort is about 10 miles away from the river. Ayub Bridge is one of the attractions for visitors. The scenery attracts many tourists from all over Pakistan during the summer.
It is said that Alexander the Great crossed the Swat River with part of his army and before turning south to subdue the locals at what are now Barikoot and Odegram. Also, the banks of this river, which was earliest known as Shrivastu, later Suvastu and currently the present name, is the place of origin of the Shrivastava sub-clan of the Indo-Aryan Kayastha clan Some 30 years ago, the water was fit for drinking even in Mingora (100 km downstream from Kalam), but now it is not safe even in Kalam.

Tochi river
Tochi river is located in North Waziristan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan. Tochi river flows eastward, in North Waziristan, to join the Kurram River and the Indus. It surrounds Waziristan in the North while the Gomal River river surrounds South Waziristan.
It is also sometimes referred to as the Gambila River.

Zhob River
Zhob River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Zhob Rivers and it flows through Balochistan and drains into Gomal River. Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.
The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob district are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc
 

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Haro River
Haro is the name of a river and its valley in the Abbottabad District, northern Pakistan, identified with the Rigvedic Arjikiya.

It is fed by four major tributaries, the Lora Haro, rising in the
Muree Hills around Lora, the Stora Haro, rising in the Nahiagali Hills, the Neelan, rising in the Nara Hills, the Kunhad, draining the area of Siribang and Dubran. Minor tributaries include rivulets of Jab, Hally' Desera and Najafpur.


Soan River
Soan River is a river in Punjab, Pakistan.

History
The oldest evidence of human life (8,000 to 6,000 years ago) in Pakistan was found in the Soan River valley of Pothohar Plateau region of Punjab. This human activity, called Soan Culture, discovered in the form of pebble tools scattered long the river. In Peshawar Valley of ancient Gandhara, there is evidence of existence of Stone Age men found at Sanghao near Mardan. Stone tools and burnt bones dated 7,000 years were found near caves. Cave dwellers of middle Stone Age used quartz flakes tools.

Soan Culture
The Soan Culture is an extinct human culture, found along the
Soan River valley in the Pothohar region of the Punjab. The oldest evidence of human life in South Asia was found in the Soan River valley. Along the river, in the Rawalpindi Division hundreds of man made tools can be found. These tools have been dated to 500,000 to 300,000 years ago.

On
Adiyala and Khasala about 16 km (10 miles) from Rawalpindi terrace on the bend of the river hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntrahand axes and cleavers were found. Due to the peculiarity of the tools to the valley archaeologists named this human activity the Soan Culture.

No human skeletons of this age have yet been found. In the Soan River Gorge many
fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. The 14 million year old fossils of gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are in display at the Natural History Museum of Islamabad.


Hispar River
The Hispar River forms from the melt water of the Hispar Glacier - a 49 kilometer-long glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan's Karakoram Mountains. The Hispar Glacier and river both flow northwest, passing through Hispar, Hopar and Nagar (Nagir) villages until the confluence with the Hunza River in the Hunza Valley. Road conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst. In August 2006, a bridge below Hispar village was condemned, and the Hunza River washed the road away at the confluence, eliminating all vehicular access to the entire valley for some months.


Gujjar Nallah
Gujjar Nallah is a stream in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It passes through the city from northwest to the center and merges with Lyari River before draining into the Arabian Sea.


The Indus River Delta
The Indus River Delta occurs where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea in Sindh. The delta covers an area of about 16,000 square miles (41,440 km²), and is approximately 130 miles across where it meets the sea. Unlike many other deltas, the Indus River Delta consists of clay and other infertile soils, and is very swampy. The delta receives between 10 and 20 inches of rainfall in a normal year.
Pakistan's fifth largest city, Hyderabad, lies about 130 miles north of the mouths of the Indus. Towns are found throughout the delta, but there are no large cities on the delta south of Hyderabad. Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, lies west of the delta on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

Average temperatures for the delta region in July range from 70 - 85 °F, and 50 - 70 °F in January. The Indus River Delta is an important region for migrating water
birds, and is an area rich in freshwater fauna. Fish found in the delta include the Hilsa, Indus baril, Indus garua (a catfish), the giant snakehead, golden mahaseer and the Rita catfish.


Kunar River
The Kunar River (Kunar Rud) is about 480 km long, located in eastern Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan. The Kunar river system is fed from melting glaciers and snow of the Hindu Kush mountains. The Lutkho River joins the Mastuj River just north of the important regional centre of Chitral in Pakistan and is then called the Chitral River, before flowing south into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as the Kunar River.

The Kunar River empties into the
Kabul River just to the east of the city of Jalalabad in Afghanistan. The combined rivers then flow eastwards into Pakistan, joining the Indus River at the city of Attock.

Before the political division of Afghanistan and Pakistan divided the Kunar/Chitral Valley, it formed an important trade route, being the easiest way to travel from the
Pamir Mountains' passes to the plains of the Indian subcontinent.

Peche River
Peche river is located in Afghanistan. Peche river system is fed from glaciers and snow. It includes the Kunar River, which rises in Nuristan province of Afghanistan, and the main Kunar River, which rises in the eastern Pamir Mountains before flowing through Chitral in Pakistan into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan.


Rupal River
Rupal River rises from the melt water of Rupal Glacier in the south of the Nanga Parbat peak and flows northeast through the Rupal Valley and Tarashing.


Neelum River
Neelum is a river in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.


Shyok River
The Shyok River is a river flowing through Ladakh and the disputed Northern Areas of Pakistan (Ghangche District). Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tounges of Siachin glacier and and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra river (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachin Glacier). The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan). The Nubra river originating from the Siachin glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers.


Sohan River
The Sohan is a river of the Punjab, northern Pakistan, forming the northern border of the Bannu District (at ca. 33.02° 71.73 E° ). It has been identified with the Sushoma of the Rigveda.

The name "Sohan" derives from this river. I.e: Sohan mikkilinenineni...etc...
 

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Univesities of Pakistan

NATIONAL
Public institutions
College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi

Private institutions
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, formerly FAST Institute of Computer Science


AZAD KASHMIR
Public institutions
University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad
Private institutionsMohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif
Al-Khair University AJK, Mir Pur Azad Kashmir
Computer Science College (NIIT Blue area ), Islamabad


BALOCHISTAN
Public institutions
Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Khuzdar
Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Quetta
Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta
University of Balochistan, Quetta
University of Agriculture Uthal,Bela

FATA
Islamabad Capital Territory

Public institutions
Allama Iqbal Open University
International Islamic University
Bahria University
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
AIR University, a project of Pakistan Air Force
National University of Modern Languages
Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore
Quaid-e-Azam University
Institute of Space Technology
Shifa College of Medicine

Private institutionsAl-Khair University
Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering
Foundation University, Islamabad, a project by Fauji Foundation
Riphah International University
Iqra University
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
SS-CARE School Of Engineering
Prism Institute of Information Technology


NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
Public institutions
Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat
NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar
The University of Science & Tecnology BannuBannu
University of Engineering and Technology (NWFP), Peshawar
University of Hazara, Hazara
University of Malakand, Chakdara
University of Peshawar, Peshawar
Institute of Management Sciences(IMSciences), Hayatabad

Private institutions
CECOS University, Peshawar
City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
Gandhara University, Peshawar
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Swabi
Northern University, Nowshera
Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar

NORTHERN AREAS
Public institutions
Karakorum International University, Gilgit

COLLEGES IN GILGIT
F.G.Degree College, Jutiyal, Gilgit boys
F.G.Degree College,Danyore, Gilgit boys
F.G.Degree College,for Girls, Gilgit


PUNJAB
Public institutions
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Government College University, Lahore
Government College University ,Faisalabad
Islamia University, Bahawalpur
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Minhaj University, Lahore
National College of Arts, Lahore
National Textile University, Faisalabad
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad
University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi
University of Education, Lahore
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Lahore
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Taxila
University of Health Sciences, Lahore
University of the Punjab, Lahore
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore

Private institutions
GIFT University, Gujranwala
Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore
Lahore School of Economics, Lahore
Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore
University Of Management and Technology, Lahore
IMS, Institute of Management Sciences Lahore (Pak-AIMS).
Minhaj University , Lahore
Syed Ali Hajvery Institute of Technology and Management Sciences, Lahore
University of Central Punjab, Lahore
University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad
University of South Asia
University of Lahore, Lahore
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
Pakistan College of Law
Supeior University , Lahore

Private Colleges
Chenab College, Jhang
Divisional Model College, Fasailabad
Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt
FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore
Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi
Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad
Cybernetics Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore
Chenab Group Collages, Gujrat


SINDH
Public institutions
Karachi University Business School
Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi
Bahria University, Karachi
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro
Mehran University of Enginnering and Technology, Jamshoro
Minhaj University , Lahore
NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University, Khairpur
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
University of Karachi, Karachi
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Dawood College of Engineering and Technology , Karachi
Virtual University of Pakistan , Karachi
Private institutions
Fusion University, Rawalpindi.
Aga Khan University, Karachi
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi
Baqai Medical University, Karachi
Dadabhoy Institutes of Higher Education, Karachi
Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi
Hamdard University, Karachi
Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi
Institute of Business Management, Karachi
Institute of Business & Technology, Karachi
Iqra University, Karachi
Isra University, Hyderabad
Jinnah University for Women, Karachi
KASB Institute of Information Technology, Karachi
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi
Newports Institute of Communications and Economics, Karachi
PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology, Karachi
Preston Institute of Management Sciences and Technology, Karachi
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
Usman Institute of Technology
Textile Institute of Pakistan, Karachi
Yousaf Intitute Of Information Technology, Tando Allahyar
Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences - FAST-NU, Karachi,Lahore,Islamabad,Peshawar
Bahria University, Karachi, Islamabad, 2001[DOUBLEPOST=1357788327][/DOUBLEPOST]People on the postage stamps of Pakistan

  • Aga Khan III Spiritual Leader of Ismailies (1977)
  • Kemal Atatürk, Turkish president (1973, 1976, 2005)
  • Alexander Graham Bell, inventor (1976)
  • Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, president, Prime Minister (1975, 198)
  • Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn-Ahmad, al-Biruni, astronomer (1973)
  • Copernicus, astronomer (1973)
  • Farah, Iranian empress (1967)
  • Mirza Ghalib, poet (1969)
  • Armauer Hansen, medical researcher (1973)
  • King Hussein of Jordan (1971)
  • Mohammad Iqbal, poet and philosopher (1967, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1997, 2005)
  • Mohammad Ali Jinnah, 1st governor general (1966, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1997, 1998, 2006)
  • Liaqat Ali Khan, prime minister 1947-51 (1974)
  • Mohammad Ayub Khan, president (1966)
  • Hazrat Amir Khusrau, musician and inventor (1975)
  • Maria Montessori, educator (1970)
  • Henri Dunant, (1978)
  • Kazi Nazrul Islam, poet and composer (1968)
  • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian shah (1967, 1976)
  • Albert Schweitzer, doctor (1975)
  • Abdus Salam, physicist (1997)
  • Mohammad Ali Jauhar, (1978)
  • Mihai Eminescu , Romanian Poet (2005)
  • Professor Ahmed Ali , Writer (2005)
  • Sadat Hasan Manto, Writer (2005)
  • Akhtar Shairani, Poet (2005)
  • Rehman Baba , Poet (2005)
  • Khwaja Sarwar Hasan, Writer (2005)
  • Justice Shaykh Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari, (2004)
  • Maulvi Abdul Haq, Writer (2004)
  • Prof A. B. A. Haleem, Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi (2003)
  • Rashid Minhas (Shaheed), Recipient, Nishan-e-Haider (2003)
  • Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah, (2003)
  • Samandar Khan Samandar, Poet (2002)
  • Mohammad Aly Rangoonwala, Philantrophist(2002)
  • Hakim Muhammad Hasan Qarshi, Hakim and Founder of Qarshi Dawakhana(2002)
  • Noor us Sabah Begum of Sherpur,Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002)
  • Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar,Prime Minister in 1957 (2002)
  • Habib lbrahim Rahimtoola, Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid(2002)
  • Qazi Mureed Ahmed ,Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002)
  • Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood, Philantrophist/Industrialist (1997)
  • Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan, Wife of 1st PM, founder of APWA (2006)
[DOUBLEPOST=1357788356][/DOUBLEPOST]Research Institutes in Pakistan

  • Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta
  • Agricultural Census Organization
  • Agriculture Training Institute
  • Applied Economic Research Center, Hyderabad
  • Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi
  • Asian Management Institute
  • Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan
  • Central Cotton Research Institute, Nawabshah
  • Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro
  • Centre of Excellence In Geology, Peshawar
  • Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies
  • Civil Aviation Training Institute
  • Commecs Institute of Faculty Training
  • Computer Training Centre
  • Directorate of Research and Training
  • Directorate of Manpower and Training, Sindh
  • Directorate Of Veterinary Research Institute
  • Directorate Of Staff Development, Punjab
  • Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab
  • Farm Guide Agricultural Consultancy Services
  • Geological Survey Of Pakistan
  • H. E. J. Research Institute Of Chemistry
  • Hydrocarbon Development Institute Of Pakistan
  • In-service Agricultural Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan
  • Industrial Relations Institute Lahore
  • Inspectorate of Mines, Government of Punjab Lahore
  • Institute of Education and Research, Karachi
  • Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics
  • Institute of Marine Engineers Pakistan (IMarE)
  • Institute of Policy Studies (IPS)
  • Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI)
  • Institute Of Cost And Management Accountants Of Pakistan
  • Integrated Health Services, Islamabad (IHS Pakistan)
  • International Institute of Islamic Studies and Research IISAR Karachi
  • Local Govt. and Rural Development Training Institute, Lalamusa
  • Margala Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad
  • Marine Fisheries Department
  • NDFC- Pakistan Development Banking Institute
  • National Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro
  • National Centre of Excellence In Geoloy, Peshawar
  • National Centre Of Excellence In Physical Chemistry, Peshawar
  • National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC)
  • National Fertilizer Corporation (Nfc) Technical Training Centre
  • National Institute of Electronics
  • National Institute of Historical and Culural Research
  • National Institute Of Labour Administration Training
  • National Institute Of Malaria Research And Training
  • National Transport Research Centre
  • PARC-IIBC Station, International Institute Of Biological Control
  • Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore
  • Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad
  • Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Peshawar
  • Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (PITAC)
  • Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies
  • Pakistan Institute Of Cotton Research And Technology
  • Pakistan Design Institute of Historical Perspective
  • Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER)
  • Pakistan Institute of Management Karachi
  • Pakistan Institute of National Development (PIND)
  • Pakistan Marine Academy
  • Pakistan Manpower Institute
  • Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
  • Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information Centre
  • Perac Research & Development Foundation.
  • Petroman
  • PIA, Training Centre, Karachi Airport, Pakistan
  • Sindh Bureau of Statistics
  • Sindh Development Studies Centre
  • Sindh Regional Plan Organization
  • Soil Survey of Pakistan
  • Technical Training Centre, Peshawar
  • Textiles Industry Research & Development Centre
  • The Family Planning Association of Pakistan
  • The Institute Of Bankers In Pakistan
  • Training and Management Development Dept. of the Agricultural Development Bank
  • Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore
  • Water Management Training Institute, Punjab
 

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Pakistani family names

Tribal Names

Baloch tribal names
  • Baloch
  • Bhutani
  • Bizenjo
  • Bugti
  • Buzdar
  • Domki
  • Gabol
  • Gichki
  • Gorshani
  • Hasni
  • Hooth
  • Jam
  • Jamali
  • Khetran
  • Khosa
  • Lashari
  • Lasi
  • Mazari
  • Magsi
  • Marri
  • Mengal
  • Nothazai
  • Rind
  • Sanjrani
  • Talpur
Kashmiri tribal names
  • Bhat
  • Butt
  • Dar
  • Dogar
  • Lone
Pashtun tribal names
  • Afridi
  • Burki
  • Chamkanni
  • Daulat Khel
  • Daulatzai
  • Davi
  • Durrani
  • Edo-Khel
  • Gandapur
  • Ghilzai
  • Jadoon
  • Jahangiri
  • Kakakhel
  • Kakar
  • Kakazai
  • Khan
  • Kharoti
  • Khattak
  • Khudiadadzai
  • Khulozai
  • Kuchelai
  • Kuchis
  • Kundi
  • Lodhi
  • Maghdud Khel
  • Mahmud Khel
  • Mahsud Khel
  • Sultan
  • Mamund
  • Marwat
  • Mashwanis
  • Miankhel
  • Mohamedzai
  • Mohmand
  • Niazi
  • Noorzai
  • Popalzai
  • Sadozai
  • Salarzai
  • Sarbans
  • Shilmani
  • Shirani
  • Suri
  • Swati
  • Tanoli
  • Tareen
  • Tarkani
  • Umar Khel
  • Umarzai
  • Wur
  • Yousafzai
  • Yusaf Khel
  • Zaimukhes
Punjabi tribal names
  • Mughal
  • Arain
  • Awan
  • Bajwa
  • Bhalli
  • Bhatti
  • Chadhar
  • Chatha
  • Chaudhry
  • Chauhan
  • Cheema
  • Gakhar
  • Ghuman
  • Gill
  • Gujjar
  • JatRahan
  • Janjua
  • Jatyal
  • Jatkang
  • Johiya
  • Khokhar
  • Langah
  • Malik
  • Meghwar
  • Minhas
  • Mir
  • Rajput
  • Noon
  • Rajar
  • Rathore
  • Sahni
  • Sial
  • Sipra
  • Sheikh (Punjabi)
  • Tarkhan
  • Thind
  • Tiwana
  • Virk
  • Wattu
Sindhi tribal names
  • Abro
  • Chachar
  • Channa
  • Hakro
  • Joyo
  • Junejo
  • Kalhora
  • Khaskheli
  • Khokhar
  • Manjhi
  • Mehri
  • Palijo
  • Panhwar
  • Rajar
  • Sirki
  • Soomro
  • Pechuho
  • Amersy
Ancestral Names

Arab ancestral names
  • Arain
  • Abbāsi
  • Alavi
  • Arby
  • Farooqi
  • Hāshmi
  • Hassāni
  • Hussaini
  • Jāfari
  • Kāzmi
  • Khālili
  • Khāwāja
  • Kirmani
  • Makhdoom
  • Malik
  • Mian
  • Naqvi
  • Osmāni
  • Qāsimi
  • Quraishi
  • Sajjadi
  • Sazwari
  • Shaikh
  • Siddiqui
  • Suhrawardi
  • Taqi
  • Tirmirzi
  • Zaidi
  • Āwān
Iranian ancestral names
  • Agha
  • Alamdar
  • Ansari
  • Chishti
  • Firdausi
  • Gardezi
  • Ghazali
  • Hamadani
  • Isfahani
  • Jamshed
  • Jamshedipur
  • Kiani
  • Kashani
  • Kermani
  • Khanum
  • Khorasani
  • Mir
  • Montazeri
  • Nishapuri
  • Noorani
  • Qizilbash
  • Reza
  • Razavi
  • Rizvi
  • Saadi
  • Sabzvari
  • Shirazi
  • Sistani
  • Yazdani
  • Zahedi
  • Zand
Turkish ancestral names
  • Baig
  • Barlas
  • Khan
  • Mirza
  • Mughal
  • Pasha
  • Piracha
[DOUBLEPOST=1357788485][/DOUBLEPOST]
Schools & Colleges administrated by Pakistan Military

Pakistan Army

APS&CD look after these schools
  • Army Public School & College, Attock Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Sialkot.
  • Army Public School & College, Gujranwala Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Sargodha Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, 208 humayun Road, Rawalpindi.
  • Army Public School & College,(Qasim Aviation Base), Dhamial camp Rawalpindi.
  • Army Public School & College, Jhelum Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Ordnance Road, Rawalpindi.
  • Army Public School & College, Bahawalpur Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Rahimyarkhan.
  • Army Public degree College, Sher shah Road, Multan Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Chunian Cantt.
  • Askari College (girls campus) 122-a market Road, Saddar, Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, manser camp: Attock.
  • Army Public School & College, Malir Cantt.Karachi.
  • Army Public School & Inter College, Pano Akil Cantt.
  • Army Inter College, Badin.
  • Army Public School & College, Chhor Cantt.
  • Army Public Higher Secondary School, Hyderabad Cantt.
  • Army Burn Hall College for boys Abbottabad.
  • Army Public School & College (Armour) Nowshera Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Kohat Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Peshawar Cantt.
  • Army Burn Hall College for girls Abbottabad.
  • Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Army School & College, Mardan Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, D I. khan.
  • Army Public School & College, Shinkiari Camp.Mansehra.
  • Army Public School & girls College, Peshawar.
  • Army Public School & College, Bannu Cantt.
  • Army Public College (ASC) Centre Nowshera Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College Cherat Cantt, NWFP
  • Army Public School & College, Thal Cantt, Hangu (NWFP).
  • Army Public School & College, (Zamzama), Nowshera Cantt.
  • Army Public School & Intermediate College, Khar (Bajaur Agency)
  • Army Public School & College, seven streams, Quetta Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Bhimber (A.K).
  • Army Public School & College, Bagh (A.K)
  • Army Public School & College, Jutial, Gilgit.
  • Army Public School & College, Muzaffarabad (A.K).
  • Army Public School & College, Rawalakot.
  • Army Public science College, Sir Syed Road, Okara Cantt.
  • Armed Forces Institute of pathology Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • Army Public College, Westridge-iii, Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • Army Public School & College, Mangla Cantt
  • Army Public School & College, Sadar, Karachi.
  • Army Public School & College, Faisal,Karachi
  • Hamza Army Public School & College, Shah-Rah-e-stadium, RWP.
  • Iqra Army Public School & College, Command & Staff College Quetta.
  • Joint services Public School & College,Chaklala Rawalpindi.
  • Nisar Shaheed College Risalpur.
  • Sir Syed Science College for boys, Tipu Road, Rawalpindi.
  • Sir Syed Science College for girls, Tipu Road, Rawalpindi.
  • Sir Syed Higher Secondary School, POF, Havelian Cantt:
  • Garrison Science degree College for boys, Lahore Cantt.
  • Garrison post graduate College for women, Lahore Cantt.
  • Garrison Academy, Kharian Cantt.
  • Garrison Academy, Quetta Cantt.
  • Garrison Academy, Gujranwala Cantt.
  • Army public school jalal pu jattan
  • Army Public School And College Kharian Cantt.
  • ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL FAISAL KARACHI.
Federal Government

Looked by FGEID under Ministry of Defence
  • F.G. Post Graduate College for Men H-8, Islamabad.
  • F.G. College for Men, H-9, Islamabad.
  • F.G. College for Women, F-7/2, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Margalah College for Women, f-7/4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Neelum Public School and College Muzaffarabad
  • F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School g-9/2, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Girls Model Higher Sec School g-8/4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. College of Commerce, H-8/4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Sec. School, Sihala, (F.A.), Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Nilore,(F.A.),Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Mughal, (F.A.), Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Rewat, (F.A.) Islamabad.
  • F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Herdoghar (F.A.), Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, chak shahzad (F.A) Islamabad
  • F.G. Public School Shorkot Cantt.
  • F.G. Public School Abdul Hakim Cantt.
  • F.G. Public School Bahawalpur.
  • F.G Public School Multan Cantt.
  • F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Rewat (F.A.), Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondarys School, i-10/1, Islamabad.
  • F.G. (Late)Begum Salim Kiyani Higher Sec. School for Boys Bhara kau (F.A) Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, g-6/2, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Model Higher Sec. School, for Girls, I-9/1, Islamabad
  • F.G. College for Men, f-10/4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School, G-6/1-4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. College for Women, g-10/4, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, humak (F.A) Islamabad.
  • F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Tarnaul, Federal Area, Islamabad.
  • F.G. Sir Syed College, the mall Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • F.G. College for Women, Kashmir Road Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Boys Wah Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Wah Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Men, kharian Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Kharian Cantt.
  • F.G. Inter College Mangla Cantt
  • F.G. Degree College, Gujranwala Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College, Okara Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Multan Cantt.
  • F.G. Science Degree College Wah Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College, Aziz Bhatti Road, Lahore Cantt.
  • F.G. College for Women, Abid Majid Road, Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • F.G. Inter College Zafar Ali Road, sialkot Cantt.
  • F.G. Quaid-e-Azam College, Chaklala-iii Rawalpindi Cantt.
  • F.G. Inter College, Bilal Colony, bahawalpur.
  • F.G. Inter College Jhelum Cantt.
  • F.G. College, Daud Pota Road Karachi Cantt
  • F.G. Inter Girls College,Askari Road, Karachi Cantt.
  • F.G Public School Manora Karachi Cantt
  • F.G. Degree College for Men, Peshawar Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Peshawar Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Bannu Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College for Women, Kohat Cantt.
  • F.G. Girls Inter College Narian Road, Abbottabad.
  • F.G. Inter College, Batkhela.
  • F.G. Degree College, Quetta Cantt.
  • F.G. Degree College Gilgit.
  • F.G. Inter College for Women, Gilgit.
  • F.G. Inter College for Boys, chilas.
  • F.G. Degree College, Skardu.
  • F.G. Inter College for Boys, Ali Abad (Hunza), N.A..
  • F.G. Inter College for Boys & Girls, gahkuch, Ghizer (N.A.)
  • F.G. Inter College for Boys& Girls, Astore, Diamer (N.A.)
  • F.G. Inter College for Boys, Chalt, Nagar. Gilgit.
  • F.G. Boys Inter College Khalpudist. Ghanche, baltistan (N.A.)
  • F.G. Girls Inter College Karimabad Hunza Gilgit.
  • F.G. Inter College, Kotli (A.K.)
  • F.G. Inter College for Women, Skardu (N.A.).
  • F.G. Inter College, Hyderabad Cantt.
PAF
  • PAF Public School,Lower Topa,Murree.
  • Fazaia Inter College Sakesar (boring) Khushab.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Samungli, Quetta.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Kohat.
  • Fazaia Degree College, MRF ,kamra.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Chaklala, Rawalpindi.
  • Fazaia Intermediate College, e-9, Islamabad.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Shaheen Camp, Peshawar Cantt.
  • Fazaia Degree College, Peshawar.
  • Fazaia Degree College, Risalpur.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Korangi kreek, Karachi.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Malir, Karachi.
  • Fazaia Degree College, Faisal, Karachi.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Jinnah Camp, Khana Road, Rawalpindi.
  • Fazaia Model Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Minhas (Kamra).
  • Fazaia Inter College Kallarkahar, Chakwal.
  • Fazaia Inter College,(paf) Lahore Cantt.
  • Fazaia Degree College, Rafiqui, Shorkot Cantt.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Lower Topa, Murree.
  • Fazaia Degree College, F-6RF PAC kamra, Attock.
  • Fazaia Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha.
Pakistan Navy
  • Bahria College, Naval Complex, E-8, Islamabad.
  • Bahria College Karsaz Habib Rahmathullah Road, Karsaz Karachi.
  • Bahria College, NORE-I, Karachi.
__________________
 

Hoorain

*In search of Oyster Pearls*
VIP
Dec 31, 2009
108,467
40,710
1,313
A n3st!
Pakistani Companies

PUBLICALY TRADED COMPANIES
This is a list of companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges.

Automobile Assembler
  • Adam Motor Company
  • Al-Ghazi Tractors
  • Atlas Honda
  • Dewan Farooque Motors
  • Ghandhara Industries
  • Ghandhara Nissan
  • Ghani Automobile Industries
  • Hinopak Motors
  • Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan
  • Indus Motors Company
  • Millat Tractors
  • Pak Suzuki Motor Company
  • Suzuki Motorcycles Pakistan
  • Saif Nadeem Kawasaki Motor
  • Agriauto Industries
  • Allwin Engineering Industries
  • Atlas Battery
  • Automotive Battery
  • Baluchistan Wheels
  • Bela Automotive
  • Bela Engineering
  • Dewan Automotive Engineering
  • Exide Pakistan
  • General Tyre & Rubber Company Pakistan
  • Taga Pakistan
  • Transmission Engineering Industries
  • Casspak Industries
  • Climax Engineering Company
  • Johnson and Phillips Pakistan
  • Myfip Video Industries
  • Pak Elektron
  • Pakistan Cables
  • Pakistan Telephone Cables
  • Siemens Pakistan Engineering Company
  • Singer Pakistan
Cement
  • Al-Abbas Cement Industries
  • Attock Cement Pakistan
  • Bestway Cement
  • Chakwal Cement Company
  • Cherat Cement Company
  • Dadabhoy Cement Industries
  • Dandot Cement Company
  • Dera Ghazi Khan Cement Company
  • Dewan Cement
  • Dewan Hattar Cement
  • Fauji Cement Company
  • Fecto Cement
  • Gharibwal Cement
  • Javedan Cement
  • Kohat Cement Company
  • Lucky Cement
  • Maple Leaf Cement Factory
  • Mustehkam Cement
  • Pakistan Cement Company
  • Pakistan Slag Cement Industries
  • Pioneer Cement
  • Zeal Pak Cement Factory
Chemical
  • Bawany Air Products
  • Berger Paints Pakistan
  • Biafo Industries
  • BOC Pakistan
  • Buxly Paints
  • Clariant Pakistan
  • Colgate-Palmolive Pakistan
  • Data Agro
  • Dynea Pakistan
  • ICI Pakistan
  • Ittehad Chemicals
  • Kausar Paints
  • Leiner Pak Gelatine
  • Nimir Industrial Chemicals
  • Nimir Resins
  • Pakistan Gum & Chemicals
  • Pakistan PTA
  • Pakistan PVC
  • Sardar Chemical Industries
  • Shaffi Chemical Industries
  • Sind Alkalis
  • Sitara Chemical Industry
  • Wah Noble Chemicals
Commercial Bank
  • Allied Bank of Pakistan
  • Askari Commercial Bank
  • Atlas Bank
  • Bank Alfalah
  • Bank AL Habib
  • BankIslami Pakistan
  • Bank of Khyber
  • Bank of Punjab
  • Crescent Commercial Bank
  • Faysal Bank
  • KASB Bank
  • Meezan Bank
  • Metropolitan Bank
  • Muslim Commercial Bank
  • MyBank
  • National Bank of Pakistan
  • NIB Bank
  • PICIC Commercial Bank
  • Prime Commercial Bank
  • Saudi Pak Commercial Bank
  • Soneri Bank
  • Union Bank
  • United Bank
Engineering
  • ADOS Pakistan
  • Bolan Castings
  • Crescent Steel and Allied Products
  • Dadex Eternit
  • Gauhar Engineering
  • Huffaz Seamless Pipe Industries
  • International Industries
  • KSB Pumps Company
  • Metropolitan Steel Corporation
  • Pakistan Engineering Company
  • Quality Steel Works
  • Sazgar Engineering Works
  • Taxila Engineering
Fertilizer
  • Dawood Hercules Chemicals
  • Engro Chemical Pakistan
  • Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim
  • Fauji Fertilizer Company
Food and Personal Care-Products
  • Ahmed Foods (Pvt) Ltd.
  • Clover Pakistan
  • Good Luck Industries
  • Gillette Pakistan
  • Haleeb Foods Pvt limited
  • Indus Fruit Products
  • Ismail Industries
  • Mitchell's Fruit Farms
  • Mubarik Dairies
  • Murree Brewery Company
  • National Foods Limited
  • Nestle Milkpack
  • Noon Pakistan
  • Pakistan Dairies
  • Quice Food Industries
  • Rafhan Bestfoods
  • Rafhan Maize Products Company
  • Shezan International
  • Shield Corporation
  • Treet Corporation
  • Unilever Pakistan
  • Uqab Breeding Farms
  • Zulfeqar Industries
Glass and Ceramics
  • Balochistan Glass
  • EMCO Industries
  • Frontier Ceramics
  • Ghani Glass
  • Ghulam Mohammad Dadabhoy
  • Karam Ceramics
  • Medi Glass
  • Regal Ceramics
  • Shabbir Tiles & Ceramics
  • Tariq Glass Industries
Insurance
  • Adamjee Insurance Company
  • American Life Insurance Company of Pakistan
  • Asia Insurance Company
  • Askari General Insurance Company
  • Atlas Insurance
  • Beema-Pakistan Company
  • Business & Industrial Insurance Company
  • Central Insurance Company
  • Century Insurance Company
  • Crescent Star Insurance Company Ltd
  • Dadabhoy Insurance Company
  • Delta Insurance Company
  • East West Insurance Company
  • EFU General Insurance Company
  • EFU Life Assurance
  • Habib Insurance Company
  • International General Insurance Company of Pakistan
  • Ittefaq General Insurance Company
  • Metropolitan Life Assurance Company of Pakistan
  • New Jubilee Insurance Company
  • New Jubilee Life Insurance Company
  • Pakistan General Insurance Company
  • Pakistan Guarantee Insurance Company
  • Pakistan Northen Insurance
  • Pakistan Reinsurance Company
  • PICIC Insurance
  • Platinum Insurance Company
  • Premier Insurance Company of Pakistan
  • Progressive Insurance Company
  • Raja Insurance Company
  • Reliance Insurance Company
  • Shaheen Insurance Company
  • Silver Star Insurance Company
  • Standard Insurance Company
  • Sterling Insurance Company
  • Union Insurance Company of Pakistan
  • United Insurance Company of Pakistan
  • Universal Insurance Company
Investment Bank / Investment Companies
  • Al-Mal Security & Services
  • Arif Habib Securities
  • Asset Investment Bank
  • AMZ Ventures
  • BMA Capital Management
  • Crescent Standard Investment Bank
  • Dawood Capital Management
  • Escorts Investment Bank
  • First Capital Securities Corporation
  • First Dawood Investment Bank
  • First International Investment Bank
  • First National Equities
  • International Housing Finance
  • Islamic Investment Bank
  • Investec Securities
  • Jahangir Siddiqui Capital Markets
  • Jahangir Siddiqui & Company
  • Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank
  • Javed Omer Vohra & Company
  • Network Micro Finance Bank
  • ORIX Investment Bank Pakistan
  • PICIC Assets Management Company
  • Prudential Discount & Guarantee House
  • Prudential Investment Bank
  • Security Investment Bank
  • Trust Securities & Brokerage
  • Mohsin Traders
Jute
  • Amin Fabrics
  • Crescent Jute Products
  • Latif Jute
  • Mehran Jute Mills
  • Suhail Jute Mills
  • Thal Limited
Leasing
  • Asian Leasing Corporation
  • Askari Leasing
  • Capital Assets Leasing Corporation
  • Crescent Leasing Corporation
  • Dadabhoy Leasing Company
  • English Leasing
  • Grays Leasing
  • InterAsia Leasing Company
  • International Multi Leasing Corporation
  • National Assets Leasing Corporation
  • Natover Lease and Refinance
  • Network Leasing Corporation
  • Orix Leasing Pakistan
  • Pak-Gulf Leasing Company
  • Pakistan Industrial & Commercial Leasing
  • Saudi Pak Leasing Company
  • Security Leasing Corporation
  • Sigma Leasing Corporation
  • Trust Leasing and Investment Bank
  • Union Leasing
  • Universal Leasing
Leather and Tanneries
  • Bata Pakistan
  • Fateh Industries
  • Leather Up
  • Pak Leather Crafts
  • Service Industries
  • Shafi Tanneries
Carpets and Rugs
  • Abbas Corporation
  • Jamal Rugs
  • Usman Carpet House
  • Pak Persian Carpets
  • Asiatic
  • Hilltop Carpets
Modarabas
  • Al-Zamin Leasing Modaraba
  • B.R.R. International Modaraba
  • B.F. Modaraba
  • Crescent Standard Modaraba
  • Fayzan Manufacturing Modaraba
  • First Allied Bank Modaraba
  • First Al-Noor Modaraba
  • First Constellation Modaraba
  • First Dadabhoy Modaraba
  • First Elite Capital Modaraba
  • First Equity Modaraba
  • First Fid Leasing Modaraba
  • First Habib Bank Modaraba
  • First Habib Modaraba
  • First I.B.L. Modaraba
  • First Interfund Modaraba
  • First Investec Modaraba
  • First Islamic Modaraba
  • First Mehran Modaraba
  • First National Bank Modaraba
  • First National Bank Modaraba
  • First Pak Modaraba
  • First Paramount Modaraba
  • First Prudential Modaraba
  • First Punjab Modaraba
  • First Schon Modaraba
  • First Tawakkal Modaraba
  • First Tri-Star Modaraba
  • First UDL Modaraba
  • Guardian Modaraba
  • Imrooz Modaraba
  • Long Term Venture Capital Modaraba
  • Modaraba Al-Mali
  • Modaraba Al-Tijarah
  • Standard Chartered Modaraba
  • Trust Modaraba
  • Unicap Modaraba
  • Unity Modaraba
Oil and Gas Exploration
  • BHP Billiton
  • Mari Gas Company
  • Oil and Gas Development Company
  • Pakistan Oilfields
  • Pakistan Petroleum
  • Hycarbex-American Energy Inc.
Oil and Gas Marketing
  • Attock Petroleum
  • Haroon Oils
  • Pakistan State Oil
  • Shell Pakistan
  • Sui Northern Gas Pipelines
  • Sui Southern Gas Company
Oil Refineries
  • Attock Refinery
  • Bosicor Pakistan
  • National Refinery
  • Pakistan Refinery
Paper and Board
  • Abson Industries
  • Balochistan Particle Board
  • Central Forest Products
  • Century Paper & Board Mills
  • Cherat Papersack
  • Dadabhoy Sack
  • Merit Packaging
  • Packages Limited
  • Pakistan Paper Products
  • Security Papers
Pharmaceuticals
  • Abbott Laboratories Pakistan
  • Ferozsons Laboratories
  • Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan
  • Highnoon Laboratories
  • Otsuka Pakistan
  • Sanofi-Aventis Pakistan
  • Searle Pakistan
  • Wyeth Pakistan
Power Generation and Power Distribution
  • Altern Energy
  • Genertech Pakistan
  • Hub Power Company
  • Ideal Energy
  • Japan Power Generation
  • Kot Addu Power Company
  • Karachi Electric Supply Corporation
  • Kohinoor Energy
  • Kohinoor Power Company
  • Sitara Energy
  • Southern Electric Power Company
  • S.G. Power
  • Tri-Star Power
Rice Exporters
  • Raza Trading Corporation
Sugar and Allied Industries
  • Adam Sugar Mills
  • Al-Abbas Sugar Mills
  • Al-Asif Sugar Mills
  • Al-Noor Sugar Mills
  • Ansari Sugar Mills
  • Baba Farid Sugar Mills
  • Bawany Sugar Mills
  • Chashma Sugar Mills
  • Crescent Sugar Mills & Distillery
  • Dewan Sugar Mills
  • Faran Sugar Mills
  • Fecto Sugar Mills
  • Frontier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company
  • Habib Sugar Mills
  • Habib-ADM
  • Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills
  • Hussein Sugar Mills
  • JDW Sugar Mills
  • Khairpur Sugar Mills
  • Kohinoor Sugar Mills
  • Mehran Sugar Mills
  • Mian Mohammad Sugar Mills
  • Mirpurkhas Sugar Mills
  • Mirza Sugar Mills
  • Noon Sugar Mills
  • Pangrio Sugar Mills
  • Premier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company
  • Sakrand Sugar Mills
  • Saleem Sugar Mills
  • Sanghar Sugar Mills
  • Shahmurad Sugar Mills
  • Shahtaj Sugar Mills
  • Shakarganj Mills
  • Sindh Abadgar's Sugar Mills
  • Tandlianwala Sugar Mills
  • Thal Industries
  • United Sugar Mills
Synthetic and Rayon
  • Adil Polypropylene Products
  • Al-Abid Silk Mills
  • Dewan Salman Fibre
  • Gatron Industries
  • Ibrahim Fibres
  • Indus Polyester Company
  • Karim Silk Mills
  • Kashmir Polytex
  • Liberty Mills
  • National Fibers
  • National Silk & Ryon Mills
  • Noor Silk Mills
  • Pak Fiber Industries
  • Pakistan Synthetics
  • Polyron Limited
  • Rupali Polyester
  • S.G. Fibre
  • Tawakkal Polyester Industeries
  • Tri-Star Polyester
  • Basa water tank
Technology and Communication
  • Apollo Telecom Private Limited
  • AutoSoft Dynamics Private Limited
  • Callmate Telips Telecom
  • Ovex Technologies
  • Eye Television Network
  • Naseeb Networks
  • NetSol Technologies
  • Pak Datacom
  • Intel Pakistan
  • Pakistan Telecommunication Company
  • Southern Networks
  • TeleCard
  • Telecomm Group
  • The Resource Group Pakistan
  • Worldcall Telecom
  • Royal Cyber
  • Warid Telecom
  • Wateen Telecom
Textile Composite
  • Artistic Denim Mills
  • Ahmed Hassan
  • Alif Textile
  • Azgard Nine
  • Aruj Garments
  • Bhawalpur Textile
  • Bhanero Textile
  • Blessed Textile
  • Caravan Fabrics
  • Chenab Limited
  • Colony Mills
  • Crescent Textile
  • Dawood Lawrencepur
  • Faisal Spinning
  • Fateh Sports
  • Fateh Textile
  • Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited
  • Ghazi Fabrics
  • Hafiz Textile
  • Hamid Textile
  • Hala Enterpries
  • Hussain Industries
  • International Knitwear
  • Ishaq Textile
  • Jubilee Spinning
  • Kaiser Art and Kr
  • Khyber Textile
  • Kohinoor Textile Mills
  • Kohinoor Industries
  • Libaas Textile
  • Mehmood Textile
  • Mohammad Farooq Textile Mills
  • Modern Textile
  • Masood Textile
  • Mian Textile
  • Mubarak Textile
  • Nishat (Chunian)
  • Nishat Mills
  • Nina Industries
  • Parmount Spinning
  • Quetta Textile
  • Rashid Textile
  • Redco Textile
  • Reliance Weaving
  • Sapphire Textile
  • Schon Textile
  • Safa Textile
  • Sapphire Fiber
  • Shams Textile
  • Suraj Cotton
  • Tawakkal Enterprises
  • Tawakkal Garments
  • Taj Textile
  • Towellers
  • Usman Textile
  • Zahoor Cotton
  • Zahoor Textile
Textile Spinning
  • Accord Textile
  • Adil Textile
  • Ahmed Spining
  • Ali Asghar Textile
  • Allawasaya
  • AL-Azhar Textile
  • AL-Qadir Textile
  • Al-Qaim Textile
  • Amin Spinning
  • Annoor Textile
  • Apollo Textile
  • Asim Textile
  • Awan Textile
  • Ayesha Textile
  • Azam Textile
  • Azmat Textile
  • Babri Cotton
  • Baig Spinning
  • Bilal Fibres
  • Brothers Textile
  • Chakwal Spinning
  • Chaudhry Textile
  • Chenab Textile
  • Crescent Fibres
  • Crescent Spinning
  • Dar Es Salam Textile Mills
  • Data Textile
  • Dawood Fibre Mills
  • Dewan Farooque Spinning
  • Dewan Khalid Textile
  • Dewan Mushtaq Textile
  • Dewan Textile
  • Din Textile
  • D.M. Textile
  • D.S. Industries
  • Elahi Cotton
  • Ellcot Spinning
  • Fatima Enterprises
  • Fawad Textile
  • Fazal Cloth
  • Fazal Textile
  • Gadoon Textile
  • Glamour Textile
  • Globe Textile
  • Gulshan Spinning
  • Gulistan Spinning
  • Gulistan Textile
  • Hajra Textile
  • Hala Spinning
  • H.M. Ismail
  • Harum Textile Mills
  • Idrees Textile
  • Ideal Spinning
  • Indus Dyeing
  • Island Textile
  • Ishtiaq Textile
  • Ittefaq Textile
  • J.A. Textile
  • Janana D Mal
  • J.K. Spinning
  • Junaid Cotton
  • Karim Cotton
  • Khurshid Spinning
  • Kohat Textile
  • Kohinoor Spinning
  • Khalid Siraj
  • Lafayette Industries
  • Land Mark Spinning
  • Mehr Dastgir
  • Maqbool Textile
  • Mukhtar Textile
  • Nagina Cotton
  • Nadeem Textile
  • Nazir Cotton
  • Noon Textile
  • Norrie Textile
  • N.P. Spinning
  • Olympia Spinning
  • Olympia Textile
  • Premium Textile
  • Qayyum Spinning
  • Quality Textile
  • Ravi Textile
  • Reliance Cotton
  • Regent Textile
  • Resham Textile
  • Ruby Textile
  • Saif Textile
  • Salfi Textile
  • Salman Noman Textile
  • Saitex Spinning
  • Shaheen Cotton
  • Service Textile
  • Siftaq International
  • Sind Fine Textile
  • Shadman Cotton
  • Shadab Textile
  • Shahpur Textile
  • Sajjad Textile
  • Sally Textile
  • Sana Industries
  • Sargoda Spinning
  • Sahrish Textile
  • Saritow Spinning
  • Sunshine Cotton
  • Sunrays Textile
  • Shahzad Textile
  • Tanveer Cotton
  • Tanveer Spinning & Weaving
  • Tata Textile
  • Taha Spinning
  • Tariq Cotton
  • ZahidJee Textile
Textile Weaving
  • Al-Jadeed Textile
  • Amazai Textile
  • Apex Fabrics
  • Ashfaq Textile
  • Ayaz Textile
  • Combined Industries
  • Dyed Fabrics
  • Hakkim Textile
  • I.C.C. Textile
  • Itti Textile
  • Kohinoor Looms
  • Kohinoor Weaving Mills
  • Mohib Exports
  • Nakshbandi Industries
  • Prosperity
  • Saleem Denim
  • Sadoon Textile
  • Service Fabrics
  • Samin Textile
  • Shahtaj Textile
  • Yousuf Weaving
  • Zephyr Textile
  • R.N Textile
Tobacco
  • Khyber Tobacco Company
  • Lakson Tobacco Company
  • Pakistan Tobacco Company
  • Sarhad Cigarette Industries
Transport
  • Pakistan International Airlines Corporation
  • Pakistan International Container Terminal
  • Pakistan National Shipping Corporation
  • Pan Islamic Steam Ship Company
  • Tri-Star Shipping Lines
  • Marine Express Agencies
Vanaspati and Allied Industries
  • Associated Industries
  • Extraction Pakistan
  • Fazal Vegetable Ghee Mills
  • Kakakhel Pakistan
  • Kashmir Edible
  • Morafco Industries
  • Muslim Ghee Mills
  • Pak Ghee Industries
  • Punjab Oil Mills
  • S.S. Oil Mills
  • Suraj Ghee Industries
  • Universal Oil & Vegetable Ghee Mills
  • Wazir Ali Industries
Woollen
  • Bannu Woollen Mills
  • Colony Woollen Mills
  • Harnai Woollen Mills
  • Moonlite Pakistan
  • Valika Woollen Mills
Ghauri
  • AKD Capital
  • Al-Khair Gadoon
  • Arpak International Investments
  • Dadabhoy Construction Technology
  • Diamond Industries
  • Dreamworld Limited
  • ECOPACK Limited
  • Gammon Pakistan
  • Grays of Cambridge Pakistan
  • Haji Dossa Limited
  • Hashimi Can Company
  • Haydery Constructions Company
  • MacDonald Lyton & Company
  • MACPAC Films
  • Mandviwalla Mauser Plastic Industries
  • Mineral Grinding Mills
  • Pakistan Hotels Developers
  • Pakistan House International
  • Pakistan Services
  • Shifa International Hospitals
  • Siddiquesons Tin Plate
  • Syed Match Company
  • Tawakkal Limited
  • Tri-Pack Films
  • Turbo Tec Limited
  • United Brands
  • United Distributors Pakistan
[DOUBLEPOST=1357788552][/DOUBLEPOST]PRIVATELY HELD COMPANIES

This is a list of major Pakistani companies that are privately held. This list is highly incomplete – a full list that included companies of all sizes would necessarily have to be very much larger.

Industrial Machinery Suppliers
  • Munir Associates
  • Sonutech
  • Gandharar Associates
Software Companies
  • Akilix
  • InfiniLogic
  • Askari Information Systems Ltd
  • Avanza Solutions
  • Bramerz
  • Digital Processing Systems
  • Dynabyte Solution
  • eDev Technologies
  • Electronic Solutions Pakistan
  • ITIM Associates
  • KalSoft
  • LMK Resources
  • TPS Pakistan
  • NetSolIR
  • DesCon
  • Ovex Tech
  • NCR
  • Etilize
  • TechLogix
  • Softech World Wide
  • Softflux Pvt. LTd.
  • National Logistics & Technology
  • Abacus Consulting
  • Abacus Consulting
  • Systems Private Limited
  • Uraan Software Solutions
Woodworking machinery and plywood manufacturers
  • Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore
  • Zeemko International Lahore
  • Pakistan Panel Products
  • Lahore Woods
Zipper manufacturers
  • Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore
Other
  • A.J Containers
  • Burhan Printers & Packages
  • Fecto Belarus Tractors
  • Crescsoft
  • Vohra Chemical Coproration
  • Vohra International
  • Vohra Agencies
  • Mughal Agencies
  • Sheikh Sons
  • NEWAGE Nutraceutical
  • Source Systems
  • Supremes Engineering Works
  • MARKCOM International
  • Munir Brothers
  • East West Infiniti
  • Yousaf Food Industries
  • Descon Chemicals
  • DESCON Engineering
  • Descon IT24
  • Digital Prodigy
  • Gadoon Textile Mills
  • Nasim & Brothers
  • Nishat Shuaiba Paper Products Company
  • PEACE International Network
  • Sammi Daewoo Express
  • Sonutech
  • True Light Sports
  • Micro-Inn (Pvt) Ltd
  • Petrosin Ravi Industries Ltd
Major Pakistani Business Groups / Alliances
  • Al-Karam Group of Companies
  • Atlas Group
  • Attock Group of Companies
  • Bajwa Group
  • Chapal Group
  • Chenab Group
  • Cowasjee Group
  • Crescent Group
  • Dawood Group of Companies
  • First Dawood Group
  • The Dawood Group
  • Dewan Mushtaq Group
  • Fecto Group of Industries
  • Ghani Group of Companies
  • Gul Ahmed Group
  • Jahangir Siddiqui Group
  • Lakson Group
  • Nagina Group
  • Saigol Group
  • Servis Group
  • Shahnawaz Group of Companies
  • Petrosin Group
Defunct
  • Zelin
  • Al Azam Ltd
  • Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)
 

Hoorain

*In search of Oyster Pearls*
VIP
Dec 31, 2009
108,467
40,710
1,313
A n3st!
Wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan

  • Astor Wildlife Sanctuary: Kaghan Valley, Northern Areas
  • Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary: Baltistan, Northern Areas
  • Cholistan Wildlife Sanctuary: Multan, Punjab
  • Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary: Hub District, Balochistan
  • Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary: Hunza, Northern Areas
  • Nara Desert Wildlife Santuary: Mirpurkhas District, Sindh
  • Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Santuary: Mianwali District, Punjab
  • Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary: Badin District, Sindh
  • Ras Koh Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Sukkur and Guddu Barrage Dolphin Reserve
  • Tooshi Game Reserve
  • Kilik/Mintaka Game Reserve
[DOUBLEPOST=1357788608][/DOUBLEPOST]Hospitals in Pakistan

AZAD KASHMIR
  • Riaz Hospital, Mirpur
  • Jinnah Hospital, Mirpur

BALOCHISTAN


Public institutions
  • Akram Hospital, Quetta
  • Children Hospital Quetta, Quetta
  • Sardar Bahadur Khan TB Sanatorium, Quetta
FATA
  • DHQ Hospital – FATA

ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY


Public institutions
  • Dar-ul-Shifa Hospital, Islamabad
  • Federal Government Services Hospital, Islamabad
  • Glora Welfare Hospital (Ghosia-Mahria Trust), Islamabad
  • Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad
  • PAEC Hospital, Islamabad
  • Nescom Hospital, Islamabad
  • KRL Hospital, Islamabad
  • {Aslam Memorial Medicare Hospital (ISLAMABAD)
Private institutions
  • Islamic International Medical Complex, Islamabad
  • Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad

NWFP


Public institutions
  • Lady Reading Hospital
  • Khyber Teaching Hospital
  • Hayatabad Medical Complex
  • Ayub Medical Complex
  • Mardan Medical Complex
  • Saidu Group Hospitals, Swat
  • Tank Christian Hospital, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan
Private institutions
  • Al-Khidmat Hospital, Peshawar
  • Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Gandhara University
  • Al Ishaq Hospital, Abbottabad
  • Gulshanara Maternity Clinic, Kohat
  • Health Care Centre, Peshawar
  • Captain Ali Children Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat
  • Hira General Hospital, Abbottabad
  • Khattak Medical Centre And Hospital, Peshawar
  • Mardan Surgical Hospital, Mardan
  • Medicare Hospital And Maternity Home, Kohat
  • Orthopedics & Surgical Hosp, Peshawar
  • Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar
  • Rang Mahal Welfare Hospital & Education Center, Swat
  • salim Medical centre Dherai swat

NORTHERN AREAS

  • Dherai Welfare centre

PUNJAB


Public institutions(government owned and operated)
  • The Children's Hospital, Lahore
  • Data Darbar Hospital, Lahore
  • District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Lahore General Hospital, Lahore
  • Gulaab Devi Hospital, Lahore
  • Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • HOPE Rehabilitation Center for disabled, Lahore
  • Jinnah Hospital, Lahore
  • Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore
  • Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore
  • Mayo Hospital, Lahore
  • Nisthar Hospital, Multan
  • Punjab Institute of Cardiology(PICS), Lahore
  • Psychiatric hospital, Lahore
  • Railway Cairns Hospital, Lahore
  • Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Services Hospital, Lahore
  • Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
  • Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore

Private institutions(privately owned and operated)


Note: most private 'hospitals' are little more than small houses/shops with little or no furniture/equipment and a few self-employed doctors that pay fees to the owners of the property to practice there. There is no regulation of private health care services in Punjab.
  • Nanotech Neurology Center, 56-e WAPDA TOWN Lahore
  • Malik Surgical Hospital & Shazia Maternity Home, Lahore
  • Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital, Multan
  • Muazzam Shaheed Welfare Hospital, Jhelum
  • Mumtaz Bakhtawar Memorial Trust Hospital,Wahdat road, Lahore
  • National Hospital, Lahore
  • Ihsan Mumtaz Hospital,Shaukat Ali Road, Jahor Town Lahore
  • Iqraa Medical Complex, Lahore
  • Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore
  • Jaanki Devi Hospital, Lahore
  • Shalimar Hospital, Lahore
  • Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore
  • Margalla Welfare Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Masood Hospital,Gardentown, Lahore
  • Memorial Christian Hospital, Paris Road, Sialkot
  • [[{Heart and city ScanHospital]] Thokkar Niaz Baig Road
  • Surgimed Hospital, Zafar Ali Road, Lahore
  • United Christian Hospital, Lahore
  • Umer Hospital, Wah
  • Gulberg Hospital, Lahore
  • Doctor's Hospital, Lahore
  • Family Hospital, Lahore
  • Fatima Memorial, Lahore
  • Aadil Hospital, Lahore
  • Ali Hospital, Lahore
  • Ammar Medical Complex, Lahore
  • Cardex Clinic Jail Road, Lahore
  • Masood Children's Clinic, Lahore
  • Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat
  • Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur
  • Fatima Medical Centre, Multan
  • Fazal Hospital, Jhelum
  • Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore
  • Healers Centre (Pvt.) Ltd., Rawalpindi
  • Maryam Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Medicare Hospital , Multan
  • Mian Muhammad Trust Hospital, Faisalabad
  • National Hospital, Faisalabad
  • Rasheed Hospital , Lahore
  • Razzaq Hospital, Lahore
  • Saahil Hospital, Faisalabad
  • Sadiq Hospital, Sargodha
  • Salamat Hospital, Gujranwala
  • Sharif Meidcal City Hospital, Lahore
  • Valley Clinic (Pvt) Limited, Rawalpindi
  • WAPDA hosital, Lahore
  • Mubarik Nursing Home,Rawalpindi
  • Mekki Hospital,Faisalabad
  • Bait-ul-Shifa Trust, Township, Lahore

SINDH


Public institutions
  • Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi
  • Civil Hospital, Karachi
  • Civil Hospital, Sukkur
  • Civil Hospital - Burns Centre, Karachi
  • Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi
  • Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, Karachi
  • Kunri Christian Hospital, Umarkot
  • Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi
  • Leprosy Hospital, Karachi
  • Liaqat University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad
  • Lyari General Hospital, Karachi
  • National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi
  • National Institute of Child Health, Karachi
  • PNS Shifa, Karachi
  • Police Hospital, Karachi
  • Sindh Government Qatar Hospital, Karachi
  • Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi, Karachi
  • Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
  • Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi
  • Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
  • Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad
  • Sobhraj Maternity Home, Karachi
  • Spencer Eye Hospital, Karachi
Private institutions
  • ABM Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Aga Khan Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
  • Bismillah Taqee Institute of Health Sciences & Blood Diseases Centre, Karachi
  • Bantwa Memon Hospital, Karachi
  • Burhani Hospital, Karachi
  • Children Cancer Hospital, Karachi
  • CityCare Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College) Karachi
  • Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi
  • Health Care Hospital, Karachi
  • Hilal-e-Ahmar Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Holy Family Hospital, Karachi
  • Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi
  • Ibne-Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Karachi
  • Imam Clinic and General Hospital, Karachi
  • Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi
  • Karachi Adventist Hospital, Karachi
  • Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi
  • Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi
  • Kiran Hospital for Nuclear Medicine, Karachi
  • Kutiana Memon Hospital, Karachi
  • Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust Eye Hospital, (LRBT) Karachi
  • Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi
  • Majee Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre (MALC), Karachi
  • Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad, Karachi
  • Masoomeen Hospital, Karachi
  • MidEast Hospital, Karachi
  • Murshid Hospital and Health Care Center, Karachi
  • OMI Hospital, Karachi
  • Patel Hospital, Karachi
  • PIMS Hospital, Rawalpindi
  • Safee Hospital, Karachi
  • Shilokh Mission Hospital, Jalapur Jattan, Gujrat
  • South City Hospital, Karachi
  • Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi
  • Usman Memorial Hospital, Karachi
  • Wapda Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Zainab Punjwani Memorial Hospital, Karachi
  • Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi
 

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Lakes of Pakistan

MAJOR LAKES

Ansoo Lake

Ansoo Lake is a high-altitude lake (elevation 16,490 feet or 5027 metres) in the Kaghan Valley near Malika Parbat in the Himalayan range.

It can be reached by a difficult trek from Saiful Mulook Lake. The name comes from its tear-like shape. The lake is said to have been discovered in 1993 by Pakistan Air Force pilots who were flying low above the area. Earlier, the lake was not even known to the locals.

Borith Lake
Borith Lake is a lake in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Borith is a hamlet in the surroundings of the Borith Lake to the northwest of Hussaini, a village near Gulmit, Gojal, in the upper Hunza. The altitude of Borith is roughly 8500 feet above sea level.

It lies approximately 2 km to the north of Ghulkin, a saline body of water occupying a small hollow at an elevation of 2500 meters. The lake can be reached via a 2 km unpaved jeep route from Hussaini village, which lies adjacent to Ghulkin village. It is also accessible by a 2-3 hour trekking route directly from Ghuylkin, across the end of the Ghulkin glacier. The site is an important sanctuary for migrating wildfowl and is a must to be included in the itinerary of bird-watchers and nature lovers. To witness the large number of ducks arriving from the warmer parts of southern Pakistan, one should visit between the months of March and June. The birds rest here on their way northwards to the cooler waters of central Asia. Similarly, from September–November, the spectacle occurs in reverse with the onset of winter towards the north.

A short trek of one hour each way will bring you to Ghulkin Glacier. Just follow the trekking route towards Borith Lake as far as the edge of the glacier, and return by the same route.

For the more adventurous, a longer walk to Passu Gar Glacier is another attraction, crossing both Ghulkin Glacier and Borith Lake. Having crossed Ghulkin Glacier by the same route, continue on the southern side of Borith Lake past the settlement of Borith Bala and the now deserted settlement of Shahabad. The lack of a continuous water supply led to the desertification of this village many years ago. On reaching Passu Gar, one finds a spectacular view of all the icy crenellations along its length. The walk takes about 4–5 hours form Ghulkin to Passu. From the glacier, a path leads down to the Karakorum Highway and the Shisper Hotel.

Alternatively, transport can be obtained locally, enabling the exploration of many routes around this area from different starting points, such as Gulmit.

Dudipatsar Lake
Dudiptsar lake or Dudipat Lake is a beautiful lake encircled by snow clad peaks. The lake lies in the extreme north of Kaghan Valley and is about a four hours drive from chief town Naran. The road is not entirely accessible for cars, even Jeeps and from a certain point the visitors have to trek to reach the lake. Its water is beautiful greenish blue and very cold too Dudipatsar is also close to another major Lake lulusar which is main contributory to Kunhar river that runs through Kaghan valley. At a distance from the lake lies the Babusar Top or the Babusar Pass which is the end of 150 km long Kaghan valley.

The word "dudi" means white and "sar" means lake. This name has been given to the lake because of the white color of snow at surrounding peaks. In summer the water of lake reflects like a mirror. Its not easy to visit this lake as there is tough hike. Its gonna take you four to six hours for this lake after tough hiking and trekking.

The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake in the area meaning lake. In the summer when the water of the lake reflects like a mirror a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to watch the enchanting views of these lake. Dudipat Lake (Dudipat Sar in local language) is six or seven hours walking distance from Besal. Half of this distance is steady climbing on a clear path then the valley opens out to wide, flat pastureland.

The deep blue Dudipat Sar, at 3,800 meters, is surrounded by green hills at about 4,800 meters, with snow patches in the shady hollows. This lake is very little visited by people and its natural beauty is still very much protected. October 8, 2005's earthquake in North Pakistan has made it more difficult to be accessed. However the government of Pakistan decided on March 14, 2006 to take all steps to restore tourism of the Kaghan valley which includes building new tourism spots and rebuilding previously destroyed ones.

Haleji Lake
Haleji Lake is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Originally haleji Lake was a very small lake. During World War II the then British Government of Sind decided to increase the capacity of this lake by having a feeder canal from River Sindh. This lake supplies water to Karachi. During War time thousands of American and British Troops were stationed in Karachi. The lake work was taken on War Footing and was completed within 24 months. It is a huge lake-perhaps 2Kmx2Kmsx0.25Km..


Hanna Lake
Hanna Lake is a lake near Quetta city and is one of the main attractions in the city. The lake is located a little short of the place where the Urak Valley begins and 10 km from Quetta. Golden fish in the lake comes swimming right up to the edge of the lake. There is a lakeside restaurant with picnic tables shaded by pine trees. At one end, the irrigation dam rises out of the depths like battlements of a fort. It is very attractive for holidaymakers, and is crowded with hikers and campers in holidays.

The greenish-blue waters of the lake provide a rich contrast to the sandy brown of the hills in the background. One can promenade on the terraces or hire a boat and paddle on the lake and round the island in the middle. Wagon service operates from city bus station at Circular Road. The transport can be hired through the PTDC Tourist Information Centre, Muslim Hotel, Jinnah Road Quetta.

Kachura Lake
Kachura Lakes are two of the lakes in Skardu (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet); the Upper Kachura Lake and Lower Kachura Lake. The latter is also known as Shangrila Lake and is inside a tourist resort called Shangrila Resort.

Kallar Kahar
Kallar Kahar is a subdivision of Chakwal District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is known as a tourist destination. located 25 killometer southwest of chakwal along the motorway. It is famous for its natural gardens, peacocks and a salt water lake.


Kalri or Keenjhar Lake
Kalri Lake is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan.
Around 10000 people have drowned in this lake. The biggest incident took place on June 1st 2003, when a boat with 26 people on board sunk and they all died. They were all from the same family.

The Sindhi legend of Noori Jam Tamachi took place around the lake, and to this day there is a shrine in the middle of the lake marking Noor's grave. Everyday hundreds of devotees visit the shrine.
It also goes by the name "Keenjhar lake"

Lulusar Lake
Lulusar lake is 48 kilometers away from Naran, on Naran-Babusar road. The word "sar" is used with the name of lake meaning "lake".

It is wreathed in blue and gold wild flowers, and is the main source of river Kunhar. The river then flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot. Near Gittidas is the 3,353m (11,000) feet high Lulusar Lake out of which river Kunhar issues anew with redoubled strength to flow down the valley first as placid blue stream and then a roaring **not allowed** until it joins the Jhelum river. Lulusar is the Reminiscent of those 55 participants of 1857 war of independence who had been arrested near Lulusar.

Tourist attraction
Lulusar has very enchanting beauty and its view remains in the mind of tourist for a long time. This lake is much bigger in size as compared to other lakes around the valley. It is surrounded by snowcapped hills whose purple and white forms are reflected in the green-blue waters of the silent lake, making it one of the most beautiful spots in the valley. Lake Lalusar offers a splendid opportunity for fishing in dark blue waters surrounded by high mountains. The serene beauty and peace, which permeates the Kaghan Valley, makes this an ideal spot for relaxation and reflection.From Gittidas the road goes on through the Babusar Pass into Gilgit. This road is one of the highest roads in the world. In the summer when the water of lakes reflects like a mirror, a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to enjoy the enchanting views.

Getting to Lulusar
A jeep can be hired from Naran to visit Lake Lulusar. From Naran, Lulusar lake can be reached at in about four and a half hours. The average jeep rent for this return-trip is about Rs. 3,000 (US$30 appox.). Jeeps leave Naran in the morning so that tourists can reach the lake at afternoon and spend about an hour at lake before returning so that the return journey is completed in daylight.

Manchar Lake
Lake Manchar is the largest freshwater lake in Pakistan and one of Asia's largest. It is located west of the Indus River in Sindh. The area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km². The lake collects water from numerous small streams in the Kirthar Mountains and empties into the Indus River.

History
The lake was created in the 1930's when the Sukkur Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. The lake is fed by two canals , the Aral Wah Canal and the Danister Canal from the river Indus. Until recently the lake supported thousands of fisherfolk who depended on the freshwater fish they caught in the lake. However, the lake is now undergoing environmental degradation resulting in the water becoming saline killing off the fish and forcing the fisherfolk to look elsewhere for employment.

The degradation has been occurring for a long time but only recently have the effects been felt. The diversion of water from the Indus and a diminished storm runoff from the Kirthar mountains have contributed to the reduction in fresh water supplies. At the same time, saline drainage water from agricultural fields in surrounding areas has started to flow into Lake Manchar.

The lake was a stop-off on the Indus flyway for Siberian migratory birds, but recently the numbers have fallen from 25,000 birds counted in 1988 to just 2800 bird counted in 2002, because the lake no longer provides the birds' main food, the lake fish. In the place of the birds, the lake now hosts a saline water reed.

The lake also provided large volumes of water for irrigation but this has also been reduced and has resulted in a great reduction in the area irrigated by the lake.

Population
Nowadays, Lake Manchar is populated by the houseboat people of Mohana.

Namal Lake
Namal Lake is located in one corner of the Namal valley in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. Namal Lake spread over 5.5 sq km, in Namal valley. There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas.
Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of water fowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water.
 

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Rama Lake
Rama Lake is a lake near Astore in Northern Areas, Pakistan. It is on the top of the beautiful Astore Valley, covered with oaktrees and greenery.
Location
On the way to Rama Lake, from AstoreValley, there are three small lakes called Sarot in the local Shinalanguage.

Before 2005, Astore was a Tehsil of District Diamir, the 5th District of Northern Areas. Now Astore has been upgraded to a District.

There are more than 50 small beautiful villages in Astore. Some of which are Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, Eid Ghah, Fina, Bulen, Chongra and Pari Shing. Chilm is the most beautiful village among all the villages of Astore, because it is the starting point of Deosai, the world's second highest plane.

People
The people of Chilm are called Mirmats or Mirs, who are the descendants of Mirmat, Gyalday and then Akhon Muhammad.
Saiful Muluk
Lake Saiful Muluk is a lake located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley (34°52'37.34" N, 73°41'37.71" E) near Naran. It is in the north east of Mansehra district of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. At an altitude of 3,224 m (10,578 feet) above sea level it is amongst one of the highest lakes in Pakistan.

The lake is accessible by a 14km jeep road from Naran (which is accessible by a metalled road from Mansehra via Balakot and Kaghan) during the summer months. On foot, the trek from Naran to the lake takes about 4-6 hours. The water is spectacularly clear with a slight green tone. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers all around the high basin feeding the lake which provides a spectacular scenery. Malka Parbat that is shining in the lake is the biggest source.

A fairy tale called Saiful Muluk, written by the famous Panjabisufi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh,is associated with the lake .
Satpara Lake
Satpara Lake is an important lake in Skardu Valley which supplies water for the town of Skardu, which is located at 2286 meters (7500 ft). It is one of the most picturesque lakes in Pakistan.

In 2002, the Government of Pakistan decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in 2004's financial year. The progress on the project, however, has been slow.
Shangrila Lake
Shangrila Lake or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort located at a drive of about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet) town.
It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.
Snow Lake
Snow Lake, or Lukpe Lawo, is a high-altitude glacial basin in the Karakoram mountain range in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Characteristics
Snow Lake is located 16,000 feet above sea level, and is approximately 10 miles wide. The basin lies at the head of the Biafo and Hispar glaciers, which spread down from the Hispar Pass in opposite directions, forming a 75-mile river of ice that is among the world's longest continuous glacier systems outside of the polar regions.

Famous visitors
Martin Conway, the first foreign visitor, gave Snow Lake the name in 1892. Conway described Snow Lake as "beyond all comparison the finest view of mountains it has ever been my lot to behold, nor do I believe the world can hold a finer." Snow Lake is very difficult to reach, however, and only about 200 people manage to reach it per year. In 1899, the husband-wife team of William Hunter Workman and Fanny Bullock Workman came and speculated that Snow Lake might be an ice-cap like those in the polar regions, from which glacier flowed out in all directions, and estimated its total size at 300 square miles.

Getting there
The journey to Snow Lake typically begins in Skardu, which can be reached by plane or jeep from Islamabad. From Skardu, a jeep may escort travellers through the Braldu Gorge to the village of Askole. The trek from Askole initially proceeds towards K2, then turns northwest up the Biafo Glacier to Snow Lake. The descent differs from the ascent, going through the Hunza Valley and ending in Gilgit, from where a return to Islamabad can be arranged by plane or jeep.
OTHER LAKES
Attar Lake Ishkoman and Yasin Valleys Northern Areas .
Chachor Lake: Chachor Pass, Northern Areas
Dudibach Lake: Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province
Karambar Lake: Ghizer, Northern Areas
Kutwal Lake: Haramosh Valley, Northern Areas
Naltar Lake: Naltar Valley, Northern Areas
Rawal Lake: Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
Rush Phari Lake: Barpu and Hispar Valleys, Northern Areas
Saral Lake: Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province
Siranda Lake: Las Bela, Balochistan
Marav Lake: Dera Bugti, Balochistan
Mahodand Lake: Swat Valley, North-West Frontier Province
Subri Lake: Jhelum River, Muzaffarabad
 

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Magazines in Pakistan

ENGLSIH
  • Cricket Herald (Monthly Cricket Magazin), Karachi.
  • Weekly Cutting Edge (Weekly Magazine).
  • Fashion Mag Karachi.
  • Good Food (Monthly Diet Magazine), Karachi.
  • Herald (Newsmagazine), Karachi.
  • Internet (Monthly Internet Magazine), Karachi.
  • Mag (Weekly News Magazine), Karachi.
  • Moorad Shipping News (Weekly News Magazine), Karachi.
  • Newsline
  • She (Monthly Magazine|Women), Karachi.
  • Spider (Monthly Magazine|Computer), Karachi.
  • The Cricketer (Monthly Cricket Magazine), Karachi.
  • Wajood (Weekly Magazine), Karachi.
SINDHI
  • Affair Magazine
URDU
  • Aadaab Arz Karachi,
  • Aanchal Karachi,
  • Adventure Karachi,
  • Aina-e-Qismat Karachi,
  • Akhbar-e-Cricket Karachi,
  • Akhbar-e-Jahan Karachi,
  • Akhbar-e-Khawateen Karachi,
  • Akhbar-e-Watan Karachi,
  • Ambar Bail Digest Karachi,
  • Anchal Karachi,
  • Asia Lahore,
  • Ataa e Rasool Karachi,
  • Aurat Digest Karachi,
  • Audio Video Satellite Karachi,
  • Bachoon Ki Dunya Karachi,
  • Batool Karachi,
  • Brides & You Karachi,
  • Chand Karachi,
  • Computing Karachi,
  • Cricketer Karachi,
  • Dalda ka Dastarkhan Karachi,
  • Dilkash Karachi,
  • Diva Karachi,
  • Dosheeza Karachi,
  • EN Style Karachi,
  • FAATEH International Urdu Magazine Karachi,
  • Family Karachi,
  • Fashion Collection Karachi,
  • Fashion Mag, Karachi,
  • Fasla Karachi,
  • Friday Special Karachi,
  • Global Science Karachi,
  • Good Food Karachi,
  • Hikayat Karachi,
  • Hina Karachi,
  • Imran Digest Karachi,
  • Ibtada.com, Online Magazine Lahore,
  • Intikhab Karachi,
  • Jasosi Digest Karachi,
  • Javeda Karachi,
  • Jawab Arz Karachi,
  • Jehad e Kashmir Karachi,
  • Khauf Nakk Karachi,
  • Khawateen Digest Karachi,
  • Kiran Karachi,
  • Kitchen Karachi,
  • Koomal Karachi,
  • Libas Karachi,
  • Link Own Karachi,
  • Maah e Nau Karachi,
  • Me & My Wedding Karachi,
  • Motherhood Karachi,
  • Mystery Magazine Karachi,
  • Nida e Millat Karachi,
  • Naya Uffaq Karachi,
  • Nigar Karachi,
  • Pakeeza Karachi,
  • Phool Lahore,
  • Prime Fashion Karachi,
  • Qomi Digest Karachi,
  • Raabta Karachi,
  • Rohani Digest Karachi,
  • Rohani Duniya Karachi,
  • Sabrang Karachi,
  • Sachi Kahaniyan Karachi,
  • Sarguzsht Karachi,
  • Sathi Karachi,
  • Sayarah Digest Karachi,
  • Shabash Karachi,
  • Shama Karachi,
  • She, Karachi,
  • Shoa Karachi,
  • Shuaa Karachi,
  • Shugoofa Karachi,
  • Star & Style, Karachi,
  • Super Star Dust Karachi,
  • Suspense Digest Karachi,
  • Taleem-o-Tarbiat Lahore,
  • Tarjuman-ul-quran Lahore
  • Urdu Digest Lahore,
  • Visage Karachi,
  • Women's Own Karachi,
  • Zaiqa Karachi,
URDU MAGAZINES FOR CHILDREN
  • Anokhi Kahaniyan Karachi,
  • Shabash Karachi,
  • Naunehal Karachi,
  • Saathi Karachi,
  • Taleem-o-Tarbiat Lahore,
  • Paighaam Lahore-Rawalpindi,
  • Phool Lahore,
  • Ankh Macholi Lahore
  • Chanda Hyder Abad,
  • Nat Khat Hyder Abad,
  • Bhai Jan Hyder Adad,
  • Bachoon Ki Dunia Lahore,
  • Noor Lahore,
  • Masoom Rawalpindi,
  • Zauq-o-Shauq Karachi,
  • Bzm-e-Quran Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Muzaffarabad,
  • Kausar Lahore,
[DOUBLEPOST=1357788728][/DOUBLEPOST]lectric Supply companies in Pakistan

FAISALABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

GUJRANWALA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan.

HUB POWER COMPANY LIMITED
Hub Power Company Limited (HUBCO) is located at Hub, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan. The Hub Power Company is a large, private-sector power company and its 1,200 MW plant is located 60 km from Karachi in Hub. The electricity at HUBCO is generated by four 323 megawatt oil-fired units that are supplied by a 78km long pipeline from Pakistan State Oil (HUBCO, 1999b). In simple terms, the electricity is produced when oil is heated with steam.

HYDERABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Hyderabad Electric Supply Company or HESCO is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to all the districts of Sindh in Pakistan, excluding Karachi.

Hyderabad had an Area Electricity Board (AEB) as one of the eight AEBs constituted through amendments in WAPDA Act during 1981. Later on as the Government of Pakistan approved the revamping of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) power sector in April 1998, the Hyderabad Electric Supply Company took over responsibilities of the Hyderabad Area Electricity Board. Hyderabad Electric Supply Company is owned and operated by WAPDA though. The company was incorporated on 23rd April 1998 and certificate for commencement of business was obtained on 1st July 1998 from NEPRA under section 146(2) of Companies Ordinance 1984.

ISLAMABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Islamabad Electric Supply Company(IESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Islamabad, Pakistan Head Office in Islamabad and Head Office includes many Directorates Planning & Engineering Directorate is one of it. Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Awan is the Manager P&E and Mr. Sarbuland Khan is Deputy Manager (Planning)

KARACHI ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) is a privately owned public utility company. It was incorporated on 13th September 1913. The Corporation was originally in private hands, but the Government of Pakistan took control of the Corporation by acquiring majority share holdings in 1952.

It is principally engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy to industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential consumers in Karachi. KESC is the sole supplier of electricity to Karachi and its suburbs up to Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh and over Hub, Uthal, Vindhar and Bela in Baluchistan.

Recently, KESC was sold to a Saudi Arabian company in December 2005 via an open bid organised by the Privatisation Commission of Pakistan. Since then its operation management is under control of Siemens Pakistan.

KOT ADDU POWER COMPANY
The Kot Addu Power Company Limited (KAPCO), was incorporated in 1996, location in Kot Addu, District Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. Kot Addu Power Plant was built by the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). In April, 1996, Kot Addu Power Company was incorporated as a public limited company. On April 18, 2005 Kot Addu Power Company was formally listed on all three Stock Exchanges of Pakistan.

LAHORE ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

MULTAN ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.

PESHAWAR ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Peshawar Electric Power Company' (PESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan.

QUETTA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.

TRIBAL ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY
Tribal Electric Supply Company (TESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to FATA, Pakistan.

WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Water And Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is the acronym for the government owned firm known to produce electricity across Pakistan, to maintain energy creating plants and supply water to public. It services many grid stations through the country and looks over large dams such as Tarbela and Mangla.
 

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Mobile phone companies in Pakistan

WARID TELECOM
Warid Telecom International is an Abu Dhabi based mobile telecommunication firm providing telephony services in Bangladesh (launching soon), Congo(launching soon), Pakistan and in Uganda
(launching soon). Warid Telecom is backed by The Abu Dhabi Group, one of the largest groups in the Middle East. The group is led by HH Shaikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan who is also Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research United Arab Emirates.

In 2004, Warid Telecom International LLC, purchased a lisence for operating a nationwide mobile telephony network, (WLL) and long distance international (LDI) for $291 million US dollars and was the first venture of Warid Telecom International LLC.

Warid Pakistan launched its services in May 2005. Within 80 days of launch Warid Pakistan attracted more then 1 million users. Currently the network has around 7.6 million subscribers.
MOBILINK
Pakistan Mobile Communications Limited, better known as Mobilink GSM, is a telecommunication service provider in Pakistan. According to Mobilink's official statistics, Mobilink had over 22 million customers at the end of December 2006. Mobilink's Head office is located in Kulsum Plaza, Blue Area Islamabad
Mobilink started operations in 1994 as the first GSM cellular Mobile service in Pakistan by MOTOROLA Inc., later it was sold to ORASCOM, an Egypt-based multi-national company. Mobilink's corporate postpaid package is sold under the brand name "Indigo" and prepaid by the name of "Jazz".
UFONE
Ufone GSM is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, Its one of five GSM Mobile companies in Pakistan, and is a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company.

The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001. Ufone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. After the privatization of PTCL, Ufone is now owned by Etisalat.
TELENOR
Telenor (OSE: TEL, NASDAQ: TELN) is the incumbent telecommunications company in Norway, with headquarters located at Fornebu, close to Oslo. Today, Telenor is mostly an international wireless carrier with operations in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Asia. In addition, it has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four Nordic Countries.

Telenor Pakistan is a wholly owned subsidiary that started operations on the 15th of March 2005 and holds one of six mobile licences in Pakistan. Its also the fastest growing cellular network of Pakistan. Currently telenor holds the second largest GSM and the largest GPRS and EDGE coverage in Pakistan. It has also achieved the second largest retailer network in Pakistan with in the 2 years of its operations.
PAKTEL
Paktel is a mobile telecommunication company in Pakistan.

It was the first ever company granted license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004,when the company launched GSM services as well. Its main competitor emerged in late 1990s as Instaphone and soon began to dominate the market. However after the launch and rapid success of Mobilink in 1998, both services lost market share. In 2003, Millicom Corporation, owners of Instaphone, bought Paktel as well.[DOUBLEPOST=1357788757][/DOUBLEPOST]Pakistani Architects

HABIB FIDA ALI
British Deputy High Commission (Karachi), Lahore University of Management Sciences (Lahore), Commercial Union Assurance Building (Karachi)

AHMED MUKHTAR
SHAAHDIN MANZIL RENOVATION (LAHORE)

ARSHAD SHAHID ABDULLAH (Pvt) Ltd.
MCB Tower (Karachi), CDC House (Karachi), Unilever Office(Karachi)

KAUSAR BASHIR AHMED
Bureau of Statistics (Karachi)

ABDUL ADIR MIRZA BAIG
Caltex Terminal Mosque (Karachi)

AMJAD MUKHTAR CHOHAN
The Punjab School (Lahore), Bab-e-Pakistan (Lahore)

ANJAD ALI
Leaders Inn Hotel (Lahore), Cadet College Sialkot (Sialkot)

NAYYAR ALI DADA
Al-Hamra Theatre Complex (Lahore), Gaddafi Stadium (Lahore), Habib Bank (Lahore), Saudi-Pak Tower (Islamabad)

M.A.FAOOQI AND COMPANY
Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque (Karachi)

ARIF HASAN
Hasan Square (Karachi), Sports Complex and Stadium (Cairo)

MUKHTAR HUSSAIN
Karachi International Airport - Jinnah Terminal (Karachi)

KASHIRF A. RASHEED
Arabian Sea Country Club (Karachi)

MUHAMMAD WALI ULLAH KHAN
Minar-e-Pakistan (Lahore)

YASMEEN LARI
Naval Officer's Housing (Karachi)

KAMIL KHAN MUMATAZ
Lawrence College Library (Murree)

NAVEED AZHAR SHEIKH
Shaheen Complex (Karachi)

ANJUM PERVAIZ QURESHI
Nacon House (Karachi)

ANWAR SAEED
Ahle Hadith Mosque (Islamabad), Grindlays Bank (Islamabad)

THAIANI AND COMPANY
Habib Bank (Quetta)

AMJAD ALI
Leaders Inn Hotel (Lahore), Cadet College Sialkot (Sialkot)

YAWAR ABBAS JILANI
Pearl Continental Hotel Bhurban (Murree)
__________________[DOUBLEPOST=1357788772][/DOUBLEPOST]National highways and motorways

National highways and motorways link all major cities in Pakistan and are undergoing rapid expansion to cater to the fast growing surface transportation needs of this rapidly emerging economy.

National Highway Authority
National Highway Authority is responsible for building and maintaining highways and motorways in Pakistan.

The National Highway Authority (NHA) was established in 1991, through an Act of the Pakistani Parliament. The NHA plans, develops, operates, repairs and maintains national highways and strategic roads specially entrusted to it by the Federal Government, by a Provincial Government or by another authority. The total length of federalized roads under NHA now stands at 5487.5 miles (8780km): this accounts for 3% of the Pakistani road network and 75% of the commercial road traffic in Pakistan.

N5 - Karachi-Thatta-Hyderabad-Moro-Multan-Sahiwal-Lahore-Jhelum-Rawalpindi-Peshawar-Torkham (Grand Trunk Road) 1819 KM
N10 - Lyari-Gwadar-Gabd (Makran Coastal Highway) 653 KM
N15 - Mansehra-Naran-Jhalkhand 240 KM
N25 - Karachi-Bela-Khuzdar-Kalat-Quetta-Chaman (RCD Highway) 813 KM
N35 - Hasan Abdal-Abbottabad-Thakot-Gilgit-Khunjerab (Karakoram Highway, KKH) 806 KM
N40 - Lakpass-Naukundi-Taftan 610 KM
N45 - Nowshera-Dir-Chitral 309 KM
N50 - Kuchlack-Zhob-Dera Ismail Khan 531 KM
N55 - Kotri-Shikarpur-Dera Ghazi Khan-Kohat-Peshawar (Indus Highway) 1264 KM
N65 - Sukkur-Sibi-Saryab 385 KM
N70 - Qila Saifullah-Loralai-Dera Ghazi Khan-Multan 447 KM
N75 - Islamabad-Satra Mile-Lower Topa (Murree)-Kohala (Murree Expressway) 90 KM
N80 - Tarnol-Kohat 144 KM
S1 - Gilgit-Skardu 167 KM
S2 - Kohala-Muzaffarabad 40 KM

MOTORWAYS IN PAKISTAN
There are ten motorways in Pakistan, out of which only the M2 and M3 have been completed. The M1 and part of the M8 and M10 are under construction and are scheduled to be completed in 2007.
M1 - Islamabad to Peshawar
M2 - Lahore to Islamabad
M3 - Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad
M4 - Faisalabad to Multan
M5 - Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan
M6 - Dera Ghazi Khan to Ratodero
M7 - Kakkar via Dureji to Karachi
M8 - Gwadar to Ratodero
M9 - Karachi to Hyderabad
M10 - Karachi Northern Bypass
M2 - Lahore to Sialkot

Karakoram Highway
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet), by far the highest paved international border crossing in the world. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Northern Areas and also serves as a popular tourist attraction.

Makran Coastal Highway
The Makran Coastal Highway is located primarily in Balochistan, Pakistan. It follows the Arabian Sea coast from Karachi to Gwadar.
__________________[DOUBLEPOST=1357788788][/DOUBLEPOST]Central Superior Services Of Pakistan

Central Superior Services of Pakistan (commonly known as CSS) is the name given to a group of highly prestigious and powerful Pakistani Federal Government Departments. Recruitment to the officer’s cadre (Basic Pay Scale 17) of these services is extremely competitive and it usually takes a year to complete the written examination and the subsequent psychological tests as well as interviews. Federal Public Service Commission of Pakistan or FPSC (http://www.fpsc.gov.pk/) is entrusted with this task and it is a general perception that it conducts the task of Competitive Examinations with full honesty. The minimum age and educational qualification for appearance in this examination is 21 years and a Bachelors (14 years of education) respectively while the maximum age limit is 28 years.

According to the estimates of FPSC a total of 8,000 – 10,000 candidates apply for an appearance in its annual Competitive Examination. On an average 5,000 – 6,000 actually appear and approximately 250-500 candidates qualify the written portion of CSS Examination. Out of these successful candidates a total of 100-150 (roughly 2% of the actual applicants) make it to this sacred corps of bureaucrats.

Currently CSS includes the following Occupational Groups.
  • Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service
  • Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)
  • District Management Group (DMG)
  • Income Tax Group (ITG)
  • Customs and Excise Group (CEG)
  • Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP)
  • Postal Group (PG)
  • Commerce & Trade Group (CTG)
  • Railways Group (RG)
  • Information Group (IG)

History of Civil Services in Pakistan

Civil Bureaucracy is a colonial legacy in this part of the world. British used to rule the native population through Indian Civil Service (ICS) and most of the officers in ICS were British themselves. It was in the early 20th Century that the Indians also started competing against the British and many Indians eventually made it to the ICS. With the partition of India in 1947, the term 'Central Superior Services' was used in Pakistan and the concept of All-Pakistan Services continued. The latter consisted of the Civil Service of Pakistan and the Police Service of Pakistan, whereas the Central Services included the Pakistan Foreign Service and a broad category of Finance and other services. The Finance category included the Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service, Pakistan Railway Accounts Service, Pakistan Military Accounts Service, Pakistan Taxation Service, and the Pakistan Customs and Excise Service. The Central Services other than these included the Pakistan Postal Service, Pakistan Military Land and Cantonment Service, Central Secretariat Service, and Central Information Service. Each of these services had its own cadre and composition rules, specifying the total cadre strength in terms of its number of positions.

With the Civil Services Reforms of 1973 a new system of Common Training Program or CTP was introduced and all of these occupational groups (12 at that time) were required to go through a mandatory combined training at Civil Services Academy (CSA), Lahore. The batch of officers who attended CSA in 1973 is recognized as “1st Common”. Up till 5th Common the allocation of occupational groups was done after the culmination of Common Training Program but from 6th Common onwards this task has also been assumed by FPSC. Even till this day it is an official procedure that once the Probationary Officers successfully complete their CTP then they undergo some further Specialized Training Program (STP) in their own professional academies.


Armed Forces and Civil Services of Pakistan
Commissioned officers of Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and Pakistan Navy have their own quota of 10% in District Management Group (DMG), Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP), and Police Service of Pakistan (PSP). Usually officers of Captain Rank are short listed by General Head Quarters (GHQ) and selected against this quota after the permission directly by Chief of A[DOUBLEPOST=1357788807][/DOUBLEPOST]Air Bases of Pakistan Air Force

  • PAF Bhagtanwala sat
  • PAF Chaklala Rawalpindi MOB No.35 (Composite Air Transport) Wing
No. 6 Sqn C-130 14 No.12 Sqn B707, Falcon, F-27 6 No.41 Sqn Cessna, Aero, Beach 3 No.455 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM
  • PAF Chander sat
  • PAF Chuk Jhumra sat
  • PAF Faisal Karachi MOB Southern Air Commander HQ
  • PAF Gwadar sat
  • PAF Kamra [Minhas] Kamra MOB Northern No.33 (Fighter/Multi-Role) Wing
No. 14 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 15 Sqn F-6, FT-6 ~24
  • PAF Kohat sat
  • PAF Lahore Lahore FOB
  • PAF Masroor Karachi MOB Southern No 32 (Fighter Ground Attack) Wing
No. 2 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 7 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 8 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 22 Sqn Mirage 5PA, IIIDP 14 + 2 No. 84 Sqn Alouette III 2 No. 453 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM
  • PAF Mianwali Mianwali MOB No. 37 (Combat Training) Wing
No. 1 Sqn FT-5 25 No. 19 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 25 Sqn F-7 & FT-7 ~24 No. 86 Sqn Alouette III 2
  • PAF Mirpur Khas FOB
  • PAF Multan Multan FOB
  • PAF Murid FOB
  • PAF Nawabshah FOB
  • PAF Ormara sat
  • PAF Pasni FOB
  • PAF Peshawar Peshawar MOB Northern Air Command HQ
No. 36 (Tactical Attack) Wing No. 16 Sqn A-5 25 No. 26 Sqn A-5 24 No. 81 Sqn Alouette III 2
  • PAF Rafiqui Shorkot MOB Central No. 34 (Fighter) Wing
No. 5 Sqn Mirage IIIEP/RP 30 No. 18 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 20 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 83 Sqn Alouette III 2
  • PAF Rahim Yar Khan sat
  • PAF Rajanpur sat
  • PAF Risalewala Faisalabad FOB
  • PAF Risalpur Risalpur MOB
  • PAF Samungli Quetta 30°14'N 66°55'E MOB Southern No. 31 (Fighter) Wing
No. 17 Sqn F-6, F-7P, FT-6 ~24 No. 23 Sqn F-6 ~24 No. 85 Sqn Alouette III 2
  • PAF Sargodha Sargodha 32°03'N 72°39'E MOB Central Air Command, HQ
No. 38 (Multi-Role) Wing No. 9 Sqn F-16A 16 No. 11 Sqn F-16 A/B 16 No. 24 Sqn Falcon 20 F/G 2 No. 82 Sqn Alouette III 2 Combat School F-7 ~24 Combat School Mirage 5PA
  • PAF Shahbaz Jacobabad FOB
  • PAF Sindhri sat
  • PAF Sukkur FOB
  • PAF Talhar FOB
  • PAF Vihari FOB
 
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